An Adaptive-Applicative Model for the Empowerment of Transmigrant Communities: A Capability Ecosystem Approach to Regional Self-Reliance
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Transmigration remains an instrument for regional development in Indonesia; however, many transmigration areas continue to experience infrastructure deficits, weak institutional capacity, unresolved land conflicts, limited community participation, and dependence on government assistance programs. This study aimed to identify the systemic factors underlying unsuccessful transmigration empowerment and formulate an adaptive-applicative model to support sustainable regional self-reliance. A qualitative approach with a policy design research strategy was employed. Data were collected through document analysis, four focus group discussions involving 45 stakeholders, field observations, in-depth interviews conducted in 12 transmigration areas across Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, and consultations with eight experts. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis, cross-site comparison, policy analysis, and source and method triangulation. The findings identified five fundamental challenges: contextual incompatibility of empowerment programs, inadequate infrastructure, ineffective economic institutions, social and agrarian conflicts, and limited community ownership. The study proposed a two-level model integrating five dimensions of individual capability with three typologies of regional readiness, supported by a ten-year continuous mentoring system and a phased 2025–2045 roadmap. The model demonstrated that sustainable empowerment requires coordinated capability development, institutional strengthening, contextualized interventions, integrated financing mechanisms, and a planned transition from external assistance. It provides an evidence-based framework for transforming transmigration communities into self-reliant actors in regional development.
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