Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies

Analysis of the Potential Cost of Damage Due to Liquefaction on Two-Story Residential Buildings in North Jakarta

Farhan Heryo Nugroho — 2026-05-08

This study is motivated by the high seismic activity in Indonesia due to the interaction of three major tectonic plates, as well as the geological conditions of coastal areas such as North Jakarta, which are dominated by soft, water-saturated alluvial soils prone to liquefaction. This phenomenon can lead to severe structural damage and significant economic losses, particularly for two-story residential buildings. This research aims to analyze the liquefaction potential and estimate the economic losses caused by building damage in North Jakarta. The study employed a quantitative descriptive approach using Standard Penetration Test (N-SPT) data from 26 drilling points. Key geotechnical parameters, including Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR), Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR), Magnitude Scaling Factor (MSF), and Safety Factor (SF), were calculated. Earthquake acceleration (amax) was also analyzed using Donovan, McGuire, and Matuschka methods. The results indicate that liquefaction potential increases with earthquake magnitude, with critical conditions occurring at a magnitude of 5.5 Mw, where all points experience liquefaction in shallow layers. Cilincing and Ancol are identified as the most vulnerable areas due to low N-SPT values and shallow groundwater levels. The estimated total economic loss reaches IDR 4.734 trillion, with per capita losses ranging from IDR 3.4 million to IDR 6.3 million. In conclusion, North Jakarta faces high liquefaction risk with substantial economic impacts, highlighting the need for mitigation strategies in urban planning and structural design.

The Effect of Bajakah Wood Extract on Collagenase Activity of Glycated Proteins in Rats and its Review from an Islamic Perspective

Ainuzzahra — 2026-05-07

Skin aging is a biological process that is influenced by oxidative stress and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that can increase the activity of the collagenase enzyme so that it causes collagen degradation. Red logan wood (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) is known to have antioxidant content that has the potential to inhibit this process. This study aimed to determine the effect of administration of ethanol extract of red logs on collagenase activity in male white rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain induced by D-galactose. This study is a laboratory experimental research with a post-test only control group design. A total of 36 rats were divided into six groups, namely the blank group, negative control, positive control, and three treatment groups given red bajakah wood ethanol extract with doses of 25 mg/kgBB, 50 mg/kgBB, and 100 mg/kgBB. Induction of aging was carried out using D-galactose, then serum collagenase activity was measured using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test followed by an LSD test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that the administration of ethanol extract of red logs was able to significantly reduce collagenase activity compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Doses of 100 mg/kgBB showed the greatest decreasing effect and were close to positive control groups. This suggests that red logwood extract has the potential to be a natural anti-aging agent through a mechanism of inhibition of collagen activity.

Spheroidization and Its Effect on the Decrease in Mechanical Strength of Steel SA210 Gr. A1

Titis Aditya — 2026-05-06

SA210 Gr. A1 is an important material used in piping systems and boiler components due to its high mechanical strength and resistance to high temperatures. However, long-term exposure to high temperatures can cause microstructural degradation through the spheroidization process, which results in a decrease in mechanical properties. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the spheroidization process on the mechanical strength and microstructure of SA210 steel Gr. A1. The methods used include spheroidization heat treatment at 660°C with time variations of 3, 10, and 100 hours, followed by Vickers hardness testing and tensile testing per ISO 6892-1. After 100 hours of spheroidization, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) decreased from ~51.5 to ~43.9 kgf/mm² (15% reduction), yield strength (YS) decreased from ~44.7 to ~28.4 kgf/mm² (36% reduction), and Vickers hardness decreased from ~169 to ~141 VHN (17% reduction). Elongation increased from 28% to 47% (68% increase), indicating significantly improved ductility at the cost of strength. Results show that spheroidization contributes to a decrease in tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS), but increases the ductility (elongation) value and decreases the hardness of the material. This transformation makes the material more ductile, but at the cost of reduced mechanical durability.

The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Speech Delay in Children Under 5 Years Old at YARSI Hospital and Its Review in Islam

Naufal Nayaka Rahman — 2026-05-07

This study aimed to determine the relationship between child parenting styles and the incidence of speech delay in children under 5 years old at YARSI Hospital. A quantitative analytical cross-sectional design was used with total sampling of 102 children diagnosed with speech delay over 6 months. Parenting styles were assessed for seven caregiver types (father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, uncle, aunt, domestic assistant/ART). Speech delay was classified as functional (environmentally-driven) or non-functional (biologically-linked). For fathers, permissive indulgent parenting was dominant (35.3%). For mothers, authoritarian parenting was dominant (39.2%). Functional speech delay occurred in 72 children (70.6%), while non-functional speech delay occurred in 30 children (29.4%). Bivariate analysis using Chi-Square showed a significant relationship between maternal parenting style and speech delay (p = 0.027). Notably, all non-functional speech delay cases occurred in the authoritarian parenting group, while authoritative parenting had zero non-functional cases. Domestic assistant (ART) parenting also showed a significant relationship with speech delay (p = 0.046). These findings underscore the importance of verbal stimulation in parenting settings, including from domestic assistants, in supporting children's language development. From an Islamic perspective, children are a trust (amanah), and parents bear responsibility for responsive, communicative child-rearing.

Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Based Learning to Improve Student Learning Achievement at SDN Pekojan 03 and SDN Pekojan 05 Tambora, West Jakarta

Jujur Purba — 2026-05-08

Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK)-based learning is a strategic agenda for improving the quality of education in primary schools. Teachers, as the main implementers of instruction, require systematic management support to effectively integrate technology, pedagogy, and content. This study aims to describe the management of TPACK-based learning through the POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling) framework in enhancing student achievement at SDN Pekojan 03 and SDN Pekojan 05 Jakarta Barat. The research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design through observations, interviews, and document analysis involving principals, teachers, and students. The findings reveal that planning for TPACK-based learning has been incorporated into instructional documents, yet its implementation remains inconsistent; organizing is still simple with limited ICT management teams; actuating involves the use of digital applications and interactive media, though not evenly across all classrooms; and controlling tends to focus more on administrative compliance rather than in-depth reflection on TPACK effectiveness. Limited facilities, teachers’ digital literacy, and unstable internet connectivity emerge as the main challenges, although both principals and teachers demonstrate strong commitment to sustaining digital learning innovation. The study concludes that applying POAC in TPACK-based learning has the potential to enhance teacher creativity, student engagement, and learning achievement, provided that it is supported by needs-based planning, structured team organization, collaborative implementation, and reflective as well as continuous supervision. It is expected that this study contributes to the development of adaptive, innovative, and sustainable TPACK-based learning policies and practices in primary schools.

Optimization of Clean Water Supply Fulfillment Strategies at Water Treatment Plants in Industrial Areas

Sonia Oktariyanti — 2026-05-05

The growing demand for clean water in industrial areas requires a reliable and sustainable supply system. However, water treatment plants are operating near capacity due to tenant growth, while high energy consumption, chemical cost fluctuations, and reactive maintenance increase operational and maintenance costs. This study aims to identify optimal strategies for meeting clean water demand in industrial water treatment plant service areas by optimizing operational costs and maintaining utility networks, including operations and maintenance (O&M) improvements, small capital expenditure (CAPEX) through supply chain management (SCM) implementation, and large CAPEX such as water treatment plant expansion or new construction. The research employed financial analysis based on present value (PV) and life cycle costing (LCC) with an analysis period of 20 years and a discount rate of 8%, based on historical water treatment plant operational data and investment estimates. Scenario and sensitivity analyses were conducted to strengthen decision-making. The results show that the O&M strategy is the most optimal and highest-priority strategy, as it provides the highest cumulative cost savings without upfront investment, with PV savings on OPEX and MEX of Rp230.07–677.51 million and Rp495.26 million in the moderate scenario, respectively. The small CAPEX strategy yielded a positive net present value (NPV) saving of IDR 51.48 million but was sensitive to initial investment levels and the degree of chemical cost savings. Meanwhile, the large CAPEX strategy has a total life cycle cost of IDR 57,415.00 million and is more appropriate as a medium- to long-term solution for increasing supply capacity and reliability.

Challenges of Integrating Green Skills in the Indonesian Vocational Training System

Eddy Sabarudin — 2026-05-06

The transition toward a green economy necessitates a workforce equipped with green skills as a core competency to support industrial sustainability and competitiveness. However, the integration of green skills into the vocational training system in Indonesia continues to face various structural challenges and has yet to be managed in a systematic manner. This study aims to analyze the concept of green skills through the lens of the most recent literature, identify the challenges of their integration within vocational training institutions, and examine early practices of green skills implementation through a case study at the LPP Quantum Sampit Vocational Training Institute (Lembaga Pelatihan Profesi Quantum Sampit). The research employed an integrative literature review combined with an explanatory case study approach, utilizing policy document analysis, international reports, and graduate tracer data from LPP Quantum Sampit for the period 2022–2025. The findings reveal six principal challenges in the integration of green skills: limitations in the existing policy framework; a curriculum that is not yet oriented toward green principles; insufficient instructor competence; inadequate training facilities and equipment; increasingly complex industry demands; and the absence of established green skills certification standards. These findings serve as the basis for the formulation of conceptual recommendations in the form of a five-pillar green skills integration framework, proposed as a strategic effort to strengthen the vocational training system in supporting Indonesia's transition to a green economy.

The Role of Teachers in Implementing the Problem Based Learning Model Comic Education in Reading of Elementary School Students

Mita Ernawati — 2026-05-08

This study addresses the persistent issue of low reading comprehension among elementary school students, which remains a critical challenge in achieving effective literacy learning. In many classrooms, reading instruction is still dominated by teacher-cantered approaches, resulting in limited student engagement and superficial understanding of texts. To overcome this problem, innovative learning strategies that integrate interactive models and engaging media are needed. This research aims to examine the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model assisted by educational comic media and its impact on students’ reading comprehension. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach supported by simple quantitative data. The subjects were 26 fourth-grade students of an elementary school. Data were collected through observation, reading comprehension tests, and documentation. The implementation followed PBL stages, including problem presentation, group discussion, exploration, and reflection, using educational comics as learning media. The results indicate that the integration of PBL and educational comics significantly improved students’ reading comprehension and engagement. The percentage of students achieving the minimum competency standard increased from 65% in the pre-implementation phase to 84% after the intervention. Students demonstrated better ability to identify characters, interpret text, analyze content, and draw conclusions. In conclusion, the PBL model assisted by educational comic media is effective in enhancing reading comprehension and fostering active learning. This approach can serve as an alternative strategy to improve literacy instruction in elementary schools.

Analysis of High School Students' Perceptions of Continuing Studies at State Universities

Sutirna Sutirna — 2026-05-05

This research aims to analyze high school students' perceptions of continuing their studies at state universities based on internal and external factors. This research employed a survey approach involving Grade XII students from public and private high schools in Karawang Regency. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire with 40 statement items covering internal and external indicators, supported by interviews with selected respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive percentage analysis to determine the level of students' interest and the influencing factors. The results of the study indicate that both internal and external factors fall into the "very low" category, showing that students' interest in continuing to higher education is generally weak. Internal factors such as motivation, self-confidence, and career planning were found to be low, while external factors including family economic conditions, parental support, peer influence, and limited access to information significantly affect students' decisions. Interview findings also reveal that many students prefer to enter the workforce immediately after graduation to support their families financially, although some still aspire to pursue higher education in the future. In conclusion, students' low interest in continuing to higher education is influenced by a combination of internal and external factors, with economic conditions being the most dominant. Therefore, it is recommended that schools, the government, and relevant stakeholders strengthen guidance programs, provide access to scholarships, and raise awareness of the long-term benefits of higher education to encourage students to pursue further studies.

A Systematic Review of Continuance Intention to Use Mobile Health (2020–2024)

Subrata — 2026-05-08

The rapid advancement of digital technologies in healthcare has led to the widespread adoption of mobile health (mHealth) applications, offering users convenient access to health services. However, despite increasing downloads, many users discontinue usage after initial adoption, highlighting the issue of low continuance intention. This paper aims to systematically review the empirical literature to identify the key factors influencing users’ continued use of mHealth applications. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 protocol and structured with the PICO framework. A total of 20 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2024 were analyzed. The review identified that perceived usefulness, satisfaction, ease of use, and trust are the most frequently studied and influential factors. Several theoretical models, such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Expectation-Confirmation Model (ECM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and Self-Determination Theory (SDT), were also widely applied. Additionally, the findings suggest that contextual elements like age, digital literacy, and chronic health conditions significantly affect continuance intention, especially among the elderly and specific user groups. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional determinants of sustained mHealth usage and offer valuable insights for application developers, healthcare providers, and researchers to design more user-centered and effective digital health solutions.

The Relationship Between Pornography Addiction and Cognitive Function in Young Adults in Banten

Aldo Valentino Thomas — 2026-05-06

Physical and psycological changes that appear in teenager, and misused sexual information may lead to pornography contents usage, may cause addiction and compulsive behavior. There are 1809 pornography cases according to Survei Komnas Perlindungan Anak Indonesia from 2011 until 2016. Pornography interrupt working memory and attention, lead to cognitive disturbances. In Indonesia, there’re just a few of research study this topic. Research subjects also are just middle school students. So, researcher want to study it at young adult age. To understand the relationship between pornography addiction and cognitive at young adult in Banten On July to August 2018, this cross-sectional study was done, with 61 young adults in Banten. Data are gathered from online questionnaire. Excel 2010 and SPSS24 used for tabulation and data analysis, respectively.Significant results were obtained from relationship between pornography addiction and cognitive problem (p-value = 0.000; odds ratio [OR] 26.722; 95% confidence interval [CI95] 5.094 – 140.171). Gender significantly related with pornography addiction (p-value = 0.000; odds ratio [OR] 32.47; 95% confidence interval [CI95] 3.991 – 26.183), all samples with pornography addiction are men, men with pornography addiction (58%). Age don’t significantly related with pornography addiction (p-value: 0.158; odds ratio [OR] 0.313; 95% confidence interval [CI95] 0.034 – 2.853). Pornography duration don’t significantly related with pornography addiction (p-value: 0.293 [OR] 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI95] 0.32 – 44.51), samples with excessive pornography duration more often have pornography addiction (67%) than samples with non excessive pornography duration (34%). Pornography addiction significantly related with cognitive impairment.

The Effect of Depression Level on Quality of Life in the Elderly at Nursing Homes

Roihaana Alviatus Zahro — 2026-05-07

As individuals age, they experience a natural decline in physical and cognitive function, increasing their vulnerability to various health problems, including depression. This condition may lead to reduced cognitive ability, diminished physical functioning, social withdrawal, poor sleep quality, and an elevated risk of suicide. Depression is more prevalent among older adults residing in nursing homes compared to those living with their families, and has been shown to negatively affect nearly all dimensions of quality of life. In Islamic teachings, caring for the elderly is a moral and spiritual obligation that emphasizes respect, compassion, and the fulfillment of their rights. This study aims to analyze the effect of depression level on the quality of life of older adults living in nursing homes and to examine these findings from an Islamic perspective. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, involving 77 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Of these, 16 respondents experienced depression and 5 were identified as having poor quality of life. The chi-square test yielded a p-value of 0.000, indicating a statistically significant association between depression level and quality of life. These findings highlight the impact of depression on the well-being of older adults and underscore the importance of providing humane, person-centered care aligned with religious values.

An Analysis of the Effects of Competence, Internal Locus of Control, and Work Culture on Employee Organizational Commitment: A Case Study at Kraton Regional General Hospital, Pekalongan Regency

Elsandra Novita Halim — 2026-05-06

This study aims to analyze the effects of employee competence, internal locus of control, and work culture on organizational commitment at Kraton Regional General Hospital (Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah/RSUD Kraton), Pekalongan Regency, both partially and simultaneously. A quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis was employed. The study population comprised 232 employees of RSUD Kraton. Data were analyzed to measure the effect of each independent variable on organizational commitment. Internal locus of control was found to exert the most dominant influence on organizational commitment, with a regression coefficient (B) = 0.346, t = 11.097, p = 0.000. Employee competence also had a significant effect, with B = 0.245, t = 6.888, p = 0.000. Work culture, however, did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect, with B = 0.010, t = 0.246, p = 0.807 (p > 0.05). Simultaneously, the three variables jointly and significantly influenced organizational commitment. Among the predictors, internal locus of control emerged as the most dominant factor, followed by employee competence, both of which significantly affected organizational commitment. Competence was found to support the enhancement of employee engagement, whereas work culture, although positively directed, did not yield a statistically significant effect. These findings suggest that strengthening internal locus of control and developing employee competence are more effective strategies for enhancing organizational commitment at RSUD Kraton than improving work culture alone.

Factors Affecting Speech Delay in Children Under 5 Years Old at YARSI Hospital and Its Review from an Islamic Perspective

Muhammad Farabi Izka — 2026-05-07

Speech delay is one of the most common developmental issues in early childhood, affecting 5-10% of preschool children in Indonesia with an increasing trend annually. This study aims to identify internal and external factors influencing speech delay in children under 5 years old at YARSI Hospital. Using a quantitative observational analytic approach with a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 102 children diagnosed with speech delay through total sampling over a 6-month period. Results showed that speech delay was more prevalent in boys (69.6%) and children aged 49-59 months (31.4%). Internal factors identified include genetic and family history (29.4%), intelligence level, physical disability (15.7%), and prematurity (6.9%). External factors include parental education, parenting style with permissive pattern being dominant (44.1%), socioeconomic status with most families in low to medium categories (46.1% and 44.1%), gadget use, parental employment, and foreign language exposure (29.4%). This study concludes that speech delay is a multifactorial condition influenced by the interaction between internal biological factors and external environmental factors. From an Islamic perspective, children are an amanah from Allah SWT, and speech delay should be addressed through comprehensive efforts involving medical, educational, social, and spiritual approaches with patience and consistent stimulation.

Character Analysis and Service Strategy for Sleeper Bus Consumers on the Malang – Jakarta Route Based on User Perspective

Abiyyu Rahmad Oktantiyo — 2026-05-06

Sleeper bus services are becoming increasingly inseparable from the long-distance travel experience in Indonesia, especially on the Malang-Jakarta route. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of sleeper bus consumers as well as service strategies that can be applied to meet user expectations. With a survey and interview approach, data is collected from passengers with different demographic backgrounds. The results of the analysis show that the majority of users are private employees with an income above IDR 5,000,000 per month, who use this service for vacations, family visits, and business trips. While sleeper buses offer convenience, there are a number of gaps in terms of cleanliness, punctuality, and responsiveness of service. The study recommends several improvement strategies, including improved cleanliness of facilities, better time management, and interpersonal skills training for bus crews. By implementing this strategy, bus companies are expected to improve customer satisfaction and strengthen their position in the transportation market.

Estimating the Need for Infiltration Wells to Support Groundwater Conservation and Surface Runoff Control in Enggal Subdistrict

Ayudia Hardiyani Kiranaratri — 2026-05-06

Urban areas frequently encounter environmental challenges such as the reduction of green open spaces, water shortages during the dry season, and water ponding during the rainy season. These problems are mainly caused by rapid urbanization and the expansion of impervious surfaces, which reduce natural infiltration capacity and increase surface runoff. As a result, groundwater recharge decreases while the potential for urban flooding becomes higher. Similar conditions are observed in Enggal District, located in the central area of Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. Therefore, effective stormwater management strategies are required to mitigate surface runoff while improving groundwater conservation. This study aims to estimate the required number of infiltration wells needed to achieve zero run-off conditions in Enggal District. The study area covered approximately 2.80 km² and consists of six urban villages with a population of 24,611 in 2025 based on the Enggal District Report. Land-use analysis indicates that the area has a surface runoff coefficient of 0.55. Hydrological analysis was conducted using 20 years of rainfall data (2005–2024) to determine rainfall characteristics and runoff potential. The rainfall intensity analysis for a 10-year return period produced a peak discharge of 15.88 m³/s with a rainfall intensity of 37.23 mm/h. Several designs with 2 scenarios were developed by considering variations in infiltration well dimensions and land availability within the study area.

Police–Government Collaboration in MSME Empowerment: Evidence from Bangka Belitung

Bahar Buasan — 2026-05-08

This study discusses the economic growth paradox without security in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, where reported crimes have increased by 37.6 (1,566 to 2,155 cases) over the period between 2021 to 2023, despite the 12.8 growth in MSMEs amid an economic transition not based on tin mining. The study dwells on the police-local government cooperation in the empowerment of MSMEs as a Crime Prevention Through Social Development (CPSD) measure. Using qualitative case study research approach and interviewing the stakeholders of ABCGM (Academy, Business, Community, Government, Military/Police) by using in-depth interviews and focus groups, this study develops the Community-Based Empowerment Model (Model BBM). The results illustrate the multidimensional aspect of MSMEs in security, which constitutes surveillance networks, economic stabilization, social capital formation, and situational crime prevention. The BBM Model works out Bhabinkamtibmas (community police officers) as ecosystem orchestrators in five functions: assessment, bridging, capacity-building, governance, and monitoring. The paper is an addition to the theoretical synthesis of procedural justice developed by Tyler, community policing developed by Bayley and economic criminology, as it provides a practical road map of the 17,000 Indonesian island communities shifting to extractive ones.

The Role of Organizational Culture and Leadership Style in Enhancing Employee Performance, with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable, at PT XYZ

Ayu Permata Sari — 2026-05-06

The existence and sustainability of a business entity is fundamentally based on the quality of human resources which is the main driving force in every organizational activity. This study aims to determine the role of organizational culture and leadership style in improving employee performance, with job satisfaction as an intervening variable at PT XYZ. The research objective is the fashion footwear division of PT XYZ. Empirical data collection was conducted using a non-probability purposive sampling method with 300 respondents. Empirical data processing used SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis techniques operated through the AMOS program. This study proposed seven (7) hypotheses, of which seven (7) were accepted. The findings of this study confirm that job satisfaction acts as a mediating bridge between organizational culture and leadership style in influencing staff performance. Statistically, both cultural factors and leadership have a significant impact on job satisfaction and employee output. Furthermore, the level of job satisfaction was found to contribute substantially and independently to the improvement of performance within the company.

Academic Supervision by School Supervisors in the Merdeka Belajar Paradigm to Achieve High School Students' Learning Achievements in East Manggarai Regency, NTT

Leonardus Jafar — 2026-05-08

This study explores the role of academic supervision conducted by school supervisors within the Merdeka Belajar paradigm and its contribution to improving high school students’ learning achievement in East Manggarai Regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Using a mixed-method approach with the CIPP evaluation model, this research combines quantitative and qualitative data to obtain comprehensive insights regarding the implementation, impact, and challenges of academic supervision. The findings reveal that academic supervision has been carried out systematically and contextually, beginning with needs analysis, collaborative planning, and implementation through coaching, mentoring, observation, and reflective dialogue. Supervision contributes to improving the quality of teaching practices, classroom management, teacher professionalism, student engagement, and the tendency of improved learning outcomes. Teachers also perceive academic supervision positively, acknowledging its role in strengthening planning, instructional strategies, and formative assessment. However, the study also identifies several constraints, including varied teacher understanding of Merdeka Belajar, limited facilities, administrative burden, uneven implementation, and insufficient follow-up support, resulting in learning achievements that have not yet been evenly improved across schools. Overall, academic supervision remains a strategic instrument to support the implementation of Merdeka Belajar and enhance student learning achievement, but it requires more consistent, contextual, and sustainable strengthening through improved mentoring, capacity building, and policy support.

Evaluation of Hypertension Treatment in Patients Who Have Received mRNA-based Covid-19 Vaccines

apt Ainur Rizkiya — 2026-05-06

Hypertension remains one of the leading global public health problems and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The widespread implementation of COVID-19 vaccination, particularly mRNA-based vaccines, has raised concerns regarding potential cardiovascular effects, including transient blood pressure changes. This study aimed to evaluate hypertension treatment outcomes in patients who had received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines and to analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors on clinical outcomes. A quantitative analytic study with a retrospective cross-sectional design was conducted using electronic medical records from 400 adult hypertensive patients who received Pfizer or Moderna vaccines. Data included blood pressure measurements before and after vaccination, number of antihypertensive medications, comorbidities, and sociodemographic characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the number of antihypertensive drugs before and after vaccination (median 2.00; p = 0.451). There were also no significant associations between sociodemographic variables and post-vaccination blood pressure, except a limited association with systolic blood pressure in patients with comorbidities. Overall, mRNA COVID-19 vaccination did not significantly affect antihypertensive therapy requirements or blood pressure control. These findings support the safety of mRNA vaccination in hypertensive patients, although continued monitoring, particularly of systolic blood pressure in patients with comorbid conditions, remains recommended.

The Role of Logistics Service Quality in Mediating the Influence of Air Cargo Packaging, Digital Information, and Air Cargo Tariff on Logistics Customer Retention at Silkargo Cikarang

Rahmad Ali Umar Dalimunthe — 2026-05-05

This research aims to analyze the influence of air cargo packaging, digital information, and air cargo tariffs on logistics customer retention through logistics service quality at SIL Kargo Cikarang. The background of this research is based on the decline in air cargo revenue from 2021 to 2025, the increasing rate of goods damage, digital misinformation, and relatively higher shipping rates compared to competitors. The research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method involving 125 customers of SIL Kargo Cikarang. The data analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results of the study show that air cargo packaging, digital information, and air cargo tariffs have a positive and significant effect on logistics service quality. Logistics service quality also has a positive and significant effect on logistics customer retention and is able to mediate the influence of the three exogenous variables on logistics customer retention. These findings confirm that improving logistics service quality is a key strategy in retaining customers in the competitive air cargo industry.

Economic Feasibility Study of the Multi-Utility Tunnel (MUT) Project in the New Capital City of Nusantara (IKN) During the Budget Efficiency Period

Fauzan Kurnianto — 2026-05-06

The development of Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) has faced considerable uncertainty following the implementation of government budget efficiency policies in 2025, which may affect the feasibility of key infrastructure, including the Multi-Utility Tunnel (MUT). This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of MUT development under budget efficiency conditions by analyzing its economic, social, and environmental dimensions to support informed decision-making by relevant stakeholders. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) method is applied using structural design data and applicable regulations, while project implementation is assessed through scenario-based simulation and forecasting. Economic feasibility is analyzed using Net Present Value (NPV) and sensitivity analysis, whereas social and environmental impacts are evaluated through systematic observation. The analysis identifies three possible development scenarios: optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic. The moderate scenario exhibits the highest initial and operational costs when cash inflows are excluded. To achieve economic feasibility at an NPV of zero, the pessimistic scenario requires the highest total cash inflow, amounting to IDR 1.074 trillion during the operational phase. Among the three variables analyzed, initial cost is the most sensitive parameter, recording the highest sensitivity value of 24.34 under both the pessimistic and moderate scenarios. In contrast, the discount rate is the least sensitive variable, with a sensitivity value of −9.00 across all scenarios. In terms of social impact, budget efficiency may affect public trust in the project, while environmentally, it may reduce immediate adverse impacts but risk prolonging long-term environmental effects.

Management of the Deep Learning Approach to Developing the Character of Elementary School Students

Emilya Nurihayati — 2026-05-08

This study aims to describe and analyze the management of deep learning approach to develop the character of elementary school students. The focus of this study is on the plan, do, check and act of learning that integrates deep learning with meaningful projects as the main strategy. The study was conducted qualitatively with a case study approach in two public elementary schools in Cianjur Regency, namely SDN Sayang 4 Cianjur Subdistrict and SDN Cinawala Cikalongkulon Subdistrict. Data collection was carried out through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation study. The results of the study indicate that learning management with a deep learning approach can increase active student participation, encourage reflective thinking, and strengthen character values such as responsibility, mutual cooperation, and integrity. The main supporting factors for successful implementation are the leadership of the principal, teacher collaboration, and parental involvement. The challenges faced include limited time, resources, and teacher readiness in designing projects that are appropriate to the local context. The conclusion of this study is that the application of learning management with a deep learning approach can be an effective strategy in building the character of elementary school students contextually and sustainably. Recommendations are given to schools and policy makers to strengthen teacher training and curriculum development that supports this approach.

The Effect of Transformational Leadership and School Climate on Job Satisfaction of Non-ASN Teachers at Public Elementary Schools in the Education Office Sub-Department I of West Jakarta Administrative City

Rafi Taris Mafazi — 2026-05-07

The background of this study is to examine how transformational leadership and school climate influence teacher job satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the influence of transformational leadership and school climate variables on job satisfaction and analyze the influence of transformational leadership on school climate. The method in this study is a quantitative research type with an explanatory approach with data sources used in the form of numbers from survey results given to a number of samples. The results of this study are that there is a positive and significant influence between transformational leadership on job satisfaction, then there is a positive and significant influence between school climate on teacher job satisfaction, meaning that a mutually supportive school environment, and a principal who provides motivation can increase teacher job satisfaction. The results of descriptive analysis with a normality test on the transformational leadership variables of school principals using the one sample Kolmogorov Smirnov test, were obtained by Asymp.

The Role of Co-Creation in Visual Strategies for Social Campaigns on Food Waste Issues on Instagram: A Case Study of Foodcycle Indonesia

Nabila Widjayanti Utomo — 2026-05-05

Food waste is a significant issue in Indonesia affecting social, economic, and environmental sectors, requiring active public participation to address it. Although social media is widely used by organizations to raise awareness, audience engagement remains relatively low. This research aims to analyze the factors influencing audience engagement in FoodCycle Indonesia’s Instagram campaigns and develop a visual campaign strategy based on a co-creation approach. This research uses a mixed method approach with quantitative data collection through questionnaires to 166 Instagram audience respondents, as well as qualitative data through semi-structured interviews, Instagram content observation, and a co-creation process involving 10 selected participants. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively, while qualitative data was analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive analysis model. The results show that even though the audience is interested in the issue of food waste and finds the FoodCycle Indonesia campaign message relatively clear, the level of audience interaction with the content is still moderate. Qualitative findings reveal a gap between the campaign's informative visual strategy and the audience's preference for more relevant, participatory, and contextual content. Through a co-creation approach, the audience is actively involved in the campaign's visual design process, resulting in content concepts that are more in line with the audience's needs and expectations. This study contributes by showing that the co-creation approach can be a relevant strategy in increasing audience engagement in social campaigns on social media, especially in the context of food waste issues in Indonesia.

Juridical Analysis of Online Gambling Crimes from the Perspective of the Criminal Code (KUHP) and the ITE Law: A Study of Decision No. 36/Pid.Sus/2025/PN MJY

Idris Wasahua — 2026-05-08

The development of information technology has expanded the forms and modes of gambling conducted through electronic systems, thereby requiring adjustments in the framework of regulation and the application of criminal law. This research aims to analyze the regulation of gambling offenses from the perspectives of the KUHP and the UU ITE, as well as to examine the application of Article 45 paragraph (3) in conjunction with Article 27 paragraph (2) of the UU ITE to the defendant in the said decision based on the prevailing legal normative construction. The research method used was normative legal research with a statutory approach and a case approach, conducted through the examination of statutory regulations, criminal law doctrines, and legal considerations contained in court decisions. The results of the research show that the KUHP as lex generalis regulates gambling by emphasizing acts of providing, giving opportunities, as well as participating in gambling activities as regulated in Article 303 and Article 303 bis of the KUHP. Meanwhile, the UU ITE as lex specialis contains regulations concerning acts of distributing, transmitting, or making accessible electronic information containing gambling content as regulated in Article 27 paragraph (2), which conceptually are directed at parties who act as providers, operators, or facilitators of online gambling. This research affirms that the differences in regulatory character between the KUHP and the UU ITE require a systematic legal interpretation of the function and purpose of each norm.

Information Management Behavior Related to the Self-Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders by the Generation

Ivanna Clarissavitri — 2026-05-05

The rapid growth of social media, particularly TikTok, has significantly influenced how Generation Z accesses and manages mental health information, leading to an increasing trend of self-diagnosis. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the impacts of self-diagnosis rather than the underlying information management process, creating a research gap. This study aims to explore how Generation Z manages mental health information on TikTok and how this process contributes to self-diagnosis behavior. Using an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with Generation Z TikTok users and an expert informant, selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis supported by NVivo 12. The findings reveal that information exposure initially occurs passively through TikTok’s algorithmic For You Page, which later develops into active information seeking. The interpretation and selection of information are largely influenced by emotional validation rather than scientific reasoning, while social interaction reinforces perceived credibility. This process leads to the formation of self-perception and self-diagnosis decisions. The study concludes that self-diagnosis is a subjective and gradual outcome of information management driven by media dependency. Theoretically, this research extends information behavior and media dependency frameworks, while practically emphasizing the need for improved digital mental health literacy and professional guidance.

Cost Aspect in the Stability Analysis of an Earthfill Dam with Respect to Variations in Embankment Materials and Water Levels (Case Study: Cibeet Dam Project, Bogor Regency)

Muhammad Faizal — 2026-05-07

Stability analysis was carried out using PLAXIS 2D based on the Finite Element Method with the Shear Strength Reduction (SSR) approach. Two design alternatives were evaluated: Model 1 with a complete material zoning system consisting of sand–gravel, sandstone, and coarse filter layers, and Model 2 with a simplified configuration dominated by sandstone material. The evaluation was performed under Low Water Level (LWL), Normal Water Level (NWL), and Flood Water Level (FWL) conditions, as well as under static loading, Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE), and a design earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5. The results indicate that increasing reservoir water levels and seismic loading lead to a reduction in the Safety Factor (SF); however, all analyzed conditions still satisfy the required stability criteria. Model 2 exhibits higher SF values under static conditions, while Model 1 demonstrates superior stability performance under strong earthquake loading and long-duration seismic events. Cost analysis shows that the total construction cost of Model 1 is IDR 566.85 billion, whereas Model 2 requires IDR 558.86 billion, resulting in a cost saving of 1.41% for Model 2. The integrated analysis reveals a clear trade-off between stability and cost, where Model 1 provides higher technical safety, while Model 2 offers greater economic efficiency.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Active Compounds in Moringa Leaves (Moringa Oleifera) Against Osteoarthritis Through in Silico Methods

William Braven Jaurie — 2026-05-07

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with a high global burden. Available therapies remain palliative, and selective COX-2 inhibition risks shifting arachidonic acid metabolism to the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway, which increases proinflammatory leukotrienes. Furthermore, no approved 5-LOX inhibitors exist for OA. This study aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory potential of active metabolites in moringa leaves as 5-LOX inhibitors in osteoarthritis using in silico methods. This study was conducted using in silico methods, including preparation of ligand and target protein structures, identification of binding sites, docking validation, molecular docking, and visualization of molecular interactions. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina software via PyRx to evaluate binding energy (ΔG). All moringa leaf metabolites bound stably to both the orthosteric and allosteric pockets of 5-LOX, with binding affinities competitive with those of the reference ligands particularly ellagic acid (ΔG = −7.7 kcal/mol) at the orthosteric site and isorhamnetin (ΔG = −8.3 kcal/mol) at the allosteric site. Docking validation confirmed the reliability of the method, supporting the feasibility of active metabolite compounds from moringa leaves as potential 5-LOX inhibitor candidates in osteoarthritis. Active metabolites of moringa leaves show potential as 5-LOX inhibitors with competitive affinity at orthosteric and allosteric sites, and may thus be developed as complementary anti-inflammatory agent candidates in osteoarthritis. However, further validation through in vitro and in vivo testing is required.

Analysis of the Impact of the Mining Sector on Regional Competitiveness in West Nusa Tenggara Province

Maulana Okta Saputra — 2026-05-05

The existence of mineral and coal resources in an area is often considered an advantage that can increase the competitiveness of the area. However, regions with large mining sector GDP do not always show high economic growth. For example, West Sumbawa Regency, which has a significant mining sector, only recorded an average economic growth rate of 3.19% between 2010 and 2023, placing it in the second lowest position in West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB). This research aims to analyze the economic structure and sector shifts in each district in NTB using Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share analysis, as well as to form a Regional Competitiveness Index model with a Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) approach. The results of the study show that the majority of districts in NTB have a base sector in the agricultural sector, except for West Lombok Regency in the transportation sector and West Sumbawa Regency in the mining sector. Sector shifts show different potentials, but the mining sector in areas that have not been massively exploited still has opportunities to be developed. The Regional Competitiveness Index model shows that the influence of the mining sector on competitiveness is not significant between regions with high and low mining sectors. In conclusion, excessive dependence on the mining sector can hinder economic growth and reduce regional competitiveness. It is important to maintain a balance between the development of the mining sector and other more sustainable sectors for stable and diversified economic growth.

Management of Kapuas River Water as a Sustainable Raw Water Source for Drinking Water Supply in Pontianak City

Syahirah Citra Andini — 2026-05-06

The Kapuas River in Pontianak City plays a vital role as a source of raw water for drinking water supply and various other needs. However, the quality of the river water is under increasing pressure due to the activities of surrounding communities. A sustainable management strategy is therefore necessary to maintain both water quality and availability, for human consumption as well as ecosystem sustainability. This study employed a mixed-methods approach encompassing descriptive analysis, regression analysis, and a SWOT framework. The findings indicate that the water quality of the Kapuas River is generally still within the applicable quality standards. Communities residing along the river generally collect and treat water prior to use, representing a form of adaptive response to prevailing water quality conditions. The analysis further reveals that fluctuations in basic drinking water tariffs are influenced by the rate of water loss, or Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which constitutes one of the primary challenges in the provision of clean water services. Based on the SWOT analysis, the recommended sustainable management strategy falls within the WO (Weakness–Opportunity) quadrant, signaling the need for increased funding, enhanced resource capacity, and stronger policy support to reinforce the water management system. Furthermore, regular water quality monitoring and consistent follow-up measures are essential steps to ensure that the Kapuas River remains a safe and reliable source of water for the population of Pontianak City.

Implementation of Narcotics Eradication Policy to Reduce Narcotics Circulation at Class IIA Tanjung Raja Correctional Facility

Raafi Hidayat — 2026-05-06

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the narcotics eradication policy at the Tanjung Raja Class IIA Correctional Facility (Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIA Tanjung Raja) and to identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of its rehabilitation program. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews with inmates and correctional officers, participant observation, and document analysis as data collection methods. The findings indicate that although positive steps have been undertaken such as the establishment of a dedicated task force and the implementation of a rehabilitation program the outcomes achieved have not been satisfactory. A reduction in narcotics circulation from 30% to 25% following one year of implementation does not reflect significant progress. Inhibiting factors, including budget constraints, human resource shortages, social stigma, and insufficient inter-agency coordination, contributed to weaknesses in policy implementation. These findings underscore the importance of improving rehabilitation facilities, providing capacity-building training for correctional officers, and strengthening collaboration among relevant agencies. Consequently, achieving effective narcotics eradication requires a more holistic and integrated approach involving all relevant stakeholders, including the government, the community, and the families of inmates. This study is expected to provide actionable recommendations for future policy improvement.

The Effect of n-Butanol Extract of Dewandaru Fruit (Eugenia uniflora L.) on the Leukocyte Count in Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Puguh Santoso — 2026-05-06

Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in traditional medicine. Cigarettes are addictive substances that pose a significant threat to health and life sustainability. The principal toxic constituents of cigarettes are nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO). Long-term smoking can increase the total leukocyte count, particularly the number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the peripheral blood circulation, due to free radical generation and inflammatory reactions. Dewandaru fruit (Eugenia uniflora L.) contains antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds that may inhibit leukocyte activation induced by oxidative stress associated with cigarette smoke exposure, thereby contributing to a reduction in the total leukocyte count. This study employed an experimental design with a posttest-only control group, using a sample of 30 male mice (Mus musculus) divided into three groups. Group I served as the negative control and received cigarette smoke exposure and distilled water. Groups II and III were designated as treatment groups and received 30 minutes of cigarette smoke exposure per day for 30 days, along with oral administration of n-butanol extract of dewandaru fruit at doses of 100 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW, respectively. On day 31, peripheral blood samples were collected from all subjects. The findings of this study indicate that administration of n-butanol extract of dewandaru fruit (Eugenia uniflora L.) resulted in a reduction in the total leukocyte count in male mice receiving the extract compared to the control group.

Business Development Strategy for Mechanical Electrical Plumbing Contractor at PT Vastorindo Djaya Semesta

Aditya Eko Purnomo — 2026-05-08

The mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) construction industry faces external pressures in the form of tightening infrastructure budgets, price-based tender competition, and the accelerated adoption of digitalisation such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), which demands an increase in contractors' internal capabilities. This study aims to formulate a business transformation strategy for PT Vastorindo Djaya Semesta (PT VDS) as a MEP contractor through a comprehensive analysis of the external-internal environment and an industry foresight approach. The research uses primary data (observations, in-depth interviews, and internal-external expert questionnaires) and secondary data (literature studies). The analysis was conducted through industry foresight, PESTEL and Porter's Five Forces for the external environment, value chain analysis and VRIO for the internal environment, followed by the preparation of IFE–EFE, IE Matrix, and SWOT/TOWS matrices to produce alternative strategies, and priority determination using AWOT (a combination of SWOT and AHP). The analysis results placed PT VDS in Cell V of the IE Matrix (hold and maintain), indicating the need to maintain core performance while selectively strengthening internal capabilities. This study provides priority strategy guidelines that PT VDS can use to strengthen its competitiveness and business sustainability through capability transformation and refinement of its service value proposition in the MEP construction market.

Student Perceptions of LDKK (Latihan Dasar Kepemimpinan dan Kedisiplinan) Viewed from the Perspective of Psychological Capital at UNJANI

Endah Andriani Pratiwi — 2026-05-07

This study aims to examine students' perceptions of the Basic Discipline and Leadership Training Program (Latihan Dasar Kedisiplinan dan Kepemimpinan/LDKK) from the perspective of Psychological Capital among students of Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani (UNJANI). A quantitative explanatory research design was employed. The sample consisted of 240 undergraduate students who had participated in the LDKK program, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Psychological Capital questionnaire encompassing four dimensions self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience as well as a scale measuring students' perceptions of LDKK. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with SPSS. The results indicate that Psychological Capital has a significant simultaneous effect on students' perceptions of LDKK (R² = 0.42; p < 0.001). Partially, self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience each exerted a positive and significant effect on students' perceptions of LDKK (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that students with higher levels of Psychological Capital tend to perceive the LDKK program more positively. This study highlights the importance of positive psychological resources in shaping students' perceptions of leadership and discipline training in higher education. Practically, the findings suggest that integrating Psychological Capital development into the design and implementation of LDKK may enhance program effectiveness and students' overall learning experience.

ICD Coding Automation Model of Retinal Detachment Case Using Support Vector Machine and Random Forest

Dyah Kurniawati — 2026-05-07

Health Information Management (HIM) professionals are responsible for maintaining the consistency of ICD-based clinical codes for the health reimbursement and health analytics through the review of medical documentation. The complexity of coding rules and clinical pathways increases the risk of miscoding, but the implementation of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) opens opportunities for the development of automation of ICD coding. This study aims to build an ICD code automation model for retinal detachment cases from eye referral hospital using artificial intelligence through clinical text classification with Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. The dataset includes disease resumes, physical examinations, diagnoses, medical procedures, surgical records, and therapies from 300 inpatients. Text preprocessing uses the NLTK library through sentence splitting, abbreviation expansion, case folding, stop word removal, and tokenization functions. Data preparation involves splitting data (80:20 ratio), feature extraction with TF-IDF Vectorizer, and 5-fold cross validation. Classification modeling uses Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF). Evaluation of the SVM model showed an accuracy of 0.82 (precision 0.84; recall 0.82; F1-Score 0.82), while the RF model achieved an accuracy of 0.87 (precision 0.88; recall 0.87; F1-Score 0.87). Based on confusion metrics, the correct predictions for classes H33.0, H33.2, and H33.4 on SVM are 79, 87, and 80, while RF reaches 83, 88, and 91. The development of this automation requires HIM professional’s role in ensuring the quality of EMR data and accuracy of ICD code as well as intensive model training to handle the complexity of clinical data.

Marketing Strategy and the Role of Public Relations in the Fintech Lending User Acquisition Process: A Case Study of Bantusaku in Indonesia

Arnoldyth Rodes Medo — 2026-05-08

The rapid growth of the financial technology (fintech) industry in Indonesia has led to the emergence of various lending platforms that provide easy access to financing. However, public trust dynamics, strict regulations, consumerist behaviors, and increasing competition require companies to implement integrated and ethical communication strategies. This study aims to analyze the marketing strategies and public relations (PR) roles in the user acquisition process of the BantuSaku fintech lending platform in Indonesia, as well as to identify the challenges encountered. Employing a qualitative approach with a constructivist paradigm, data were collected through in-depth interviews with BantuSaku internal teams, active users, and industry observers, supported by secondary data including company documents, OJK regulations, and digital content. Analysis was conducted using Miles & Huberman’s (2014) interactive model, covering data reduction, data display, and verification. Findings indicate that marketing strategies emphasizing financial education and transparency, combined with PR efforts focused on building a positive image and managing reputation, significantly contribute to user acquisition and retention. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these strategies is influenced by low financial literacy, competition with illegal lending services, and default risks. This study highlights the importance of integrating education-based and ethical marketing and PR strategies as a key factor for sustainable growth in fintech lending.

Pkpu in Indonesia and its Comparison with the United Arab Emirates (Difc Insolvency Law)

Ariel Alexander — 2026-04-21

Debt restructuring is a key legal instrument to prevent liquidation and support debtor recovery. Indonesia applies the PKPU mechanism, while the DIFC uses the Insolvency Law No. 1 of 2019, reflecting different legal approaches that require comparative analysis. This research aims to analyze and compare the debt restructuring mechanism in the PKPU system in Indonesia and the Insolvency Law of DIFC, as well as assess its effectiveness in providing legal protection for debtors and creditors. This study uses normative legal methods with a statutory approach and a comparative approach. Data were obtained through literature studies and analyzed descriptively-analytically and comparatively. The results show that PKPU in Indonesia focuses on a peace mechanism through the approval of the majority of creditors with a certain time limit, while the DIFC Insolvency Law provides greater flexibility through a modern restructuring scheme with an international principles-based approach. The DIFC also provides stronger protection for creditors through transparency and more structured court oversight. In general, both systems have the same goal of saving the debtor's business and providing legal certainty for creditors. However, the restructuring mechanism in the DIFC tends to be more adaptive to international business practices, while PKPU in Indonesia still has some limitations in terms of efficiency and legal protection. Regulatory reform in Indonesia is needed to increase competitiveness and legal certainty in debt settlement.