Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies

ICCAs as a Bio-Geo-Cultural Foundation for Strengthening the Aspiring Sangkulirang–Mangkalihat Geopark

2026-06-03T17:38:53+07:00

The Sangkulirang–Mangkalihat karst landscape in East Kalimantan possesses exceptional bio-geocultural value and has historically been safeguarded by the Dayak Basap Indigenous community. While Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs) and Geoparks both aim to promote sustainable land management, the synergistic integration of Indigenous spiritual-ecological practices within formal Geopark frameworks remains underexplored, particularly in tropical karst environments. To address this research gap, this study examined the integration of ICCAs within the Geopark framework to promote participatory conservation and responsible tourism. Employing a qualitative methodology comprising ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews with Indigenous stakeholders, and field observations, this research evaluated traditional conservation mechanisms. The findings revealed that the traditional governance systems and cultural rituals of the Dayak Basap community maintained ecological and spiritual balance, reflecting the core principles of ICCAs. The study identified three specific ICCAs—Mengkuris Cave, Mount Kepang, and Kiamplasan—that uniquely integrated heritage, ecological, and community values. The integration of these frameworks demonstrated a strong complementary relationship; ICCAs provided social, cultural, and spiritual foundations, while Geoparks offered institutional recognition, technical support, and international networks to support sustainable geotourism. These findings provided important policy implications, suggesting that regional and national governments should formally incorporate ICCA recognition into Geopark zoning regulations to strengthen the legal protection of Indigenous governance systems. Ultimately, this synergy established a replicable model for responsible tourism that balances biodiversity conservation, cultural resilience, and equitable development, providing a critical framework for advancing global socio-ecological sustainability efforts.

The Effects of Well-Being and Work Environment on Employee Loyalty and its Implications for Organizational Citizenship Behavior at Primasatya Husada Citra Hospital in Surabaya

2026-07-28T13:33:08+07:00

Primastya Husada Citra Surabaya Hospital must have and retain employees who demonstrate loyalty and organizational citizenship behavior in creating safe and comfortable healthcare services as desired by almost all patients who come for treatment and enjoy the facilities available at Primastya Husada Citra Surabaya Hospital. This study aims to analyze the influence of employee well-being and work environment on employee loyalty, which in turn impacts organizational citizenship behavior at Primastya Husada Citra Surabaya Hospital. This study employed a quantitative method. After analyzing and describing the influence of employee well-being and work environment on employee loyalty through organizational citizenship behavior, based on the responses of 118 respondents selected as the sample in this study. Well-being has a significant positive effect on employee loyalty with a coefficient value of β = 0.441. The work environment has a positive and significant effect on employee loyalty with a path coefficient value of β = 0.521. Employee loyalty has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior with a path coefficient value of β = 0.442. Loyalty has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior with a path coefficient value of β = 0.978. Well-being has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior with a path coefficient value of β = 0.429. Work environment has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior with a path coefficient value of β = 0.429.

The Potential of Dutch Eggplant (Solanum betaceum) as a Protector of Bcl-2 Expression in the Hearts of Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Lead Acetate

2026-07-28T13:37:30+07:00

Cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis, which is triggered by oxidative stress, can result from lead exposure in the body, as this increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aimed to prove the potential of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) as a protector of Bcl-2 expression in the hearts of mice exposed to lead acetate. This study employed a true experimental laboratory design using stored raw materials (BBT) consisting of male mouse (Mus musculus) hearts, with a completely randomized design (CRD). A total of 40 BBT samples were divided into 5 treatment groups, with each group containing 8 samples. Significant results (p<0.05) were obtained in each treatment group, with the highest Bcl-2 expression found in the group exposed to lead acetate alone, and the lowest Bcl-2 expression found in the group given the highest dose of tamarillo extract. The dosage of tamarillo extract had an inversely proportional effect on the level of Bcl-2 expression in the hearts of mice. The hearts of mice exposed to lead acetate alone (K2) had a median value of 32.97, while the hearts of mice dosed with 400 mg/kg BW/day (P3) had a median value of 5.97.

Integration of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) with Artificial Intelligence- and Data Analytics-Based Predictive Maintenance: A Systematic Literature Review Using the PRISMA Method

2026-07-29T15:30:11+07:00

The integration of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analytics-based predictive maintenance is a pillar of industrial digital transformation in the industry 4.0 and 5.0 era. However, a comprehensive understanding of integration patterns, AI methods, benefits, and challenges remains scattered across the literature. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using the PRISMA protocol to map the current state of ERP integration with AI-based predictive maintenance. A search was performed on the Scopus database, yielding 59 initial articles that were reduced to 10 final open-access articles published between 2024 and 2026. The results show that the dominant AI methods are Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and ensemble learning (XGBoost, Random Forest), often combined with Digital Twin technology. ERP integration patterns range from decision support to full bidirectional integration via OPC-UA and REST API protocols. Key benefits include up to 40% improvement in mean time to failure (MTTF), a 30% reduction in maintenance costs, and a return on investment (ROI) of 42.5%. The main challenges include data quality, legacy system interoperability, cybersecurity, and limited multi-site validation.

Location Advantage but Limited Leisure Demand: Sentiment Analysis of Guest Reviews at Permata Hotel Bogor near Kebun Raya Bogor

2026-08-04T22:55:45+07:00

This research aims to analyze guest perceptions of Permata Hotel Bogor through sentiment analysis of Google Reviews and to examine the gap between location advantage and the resulting tourism experience. The research employs a lexicon-based sentiment analysis approach using AFINN (scoring) and Bing (sentiment classification) methods on approximately 4,661 Indonesian-language reviews. The findings reveal that sentiment distribution is dominated by neutral reviews (±80 - 83%), followed by positive (±13 - 15%) and negative sentiments (±2 - 5%). Concentration of sentiment scores around zero indicates that guest experiences are largely descriptive and lack strong emotional engagement. Despite this, the hotel maintains a relatively high average rating (±4.0, ranging from 3.8 to 4.2), suggesting a gap between cognitive evaluation and affective experience. Textual analysis shows that the hotel’s main strengths lie in its strategic location near the Bogor Botanical Gardens, comfortable rooms, and basic facilities, while its main weaknesses are related to service quality, cleanliness, and maintenance, reflecting service inconsistency. Segment analysis indicates that the FAMILY segment tends to be more positive, the BUSINESS segment is dominated by neutral sentiment, and SOLO travelers are the most critical. Temporal analysis shows relatively stable performance with slight improvement in the post-pandemic period, yet without a significant increase in positive sentiment. Findings indicate the presence of Tourism Spillover Failure, where location advantage fails to translate into leisure demand due to the dominance of functional experience. This research highlights the importance of transforming service delivery into experience-driven hospitality to enhance emotional engagement and improve hotel competitiveness.

Analysis of the Effect of Movement Due to the Relocation of the Mataram City Mayor's Office on Road Network Performance

2026-06-03T17:30:50+07:00

This research was motivated by the planned relocation of the Mataram City Mayor's Office, which had the potential to alter traffic movement patterns and affect the performance of the surrounding road network. The rapid growth of urban activities has contributed to traffic congestion in the city center; therefore, the relocation of government offices was expected to support more balanced urban development while reducing traffic pressure. However, the relocation could also increase vehicle volumes on certain road segments and change the distribution of community travel patterns. This study aimed to analyze the magnitude of trip attraction and evaluate road network performance before and after the relocation of the mayor’s office. The study employed a quantitative approach using a four-step transportation planning model combined with road performance analysis based on the 2023 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (Pedoman Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia / PKJI) and transportation simulation software. The results indicated an increase in traffic volume on several road segments leading to the new office location, which affected the decline in road service performance at certain points. Therefore, appropriate traffic management strategies and infrastructure improvements are required to maintain optimal road network performance.

Digital Transformation and Sustainable Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Literature Review (2020–2026)

2026-07-29T15:32:39+07:00

A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines, this study analyzes Scopus-indexed papers published from 2020 to 2026 in order to shed light on how digital transformation enables sustainability-oriented outcomes and whether these contributions seem rooted in organizational change rather than represent aspirational disclosures of sustainability-related information. In the initial search phase, a total of 1,208 records were identified; after screening, retrieval and eligibility assessment of these studies from both electronic databases and hand-searching, just 78 studies were included in the final synthesis. Our findings show that digital transformation drives sustainability in six main avenues—namely ESG governance, eco-innovation, decarbonization, circular economy practices, digital maturity and social sustainability. However, with digital transformation being identified as sustainability by other means, without appropriate organizational capabilities and data governance that include adequate data and analytics support for innovation routines, regulatory pressures and strategic decision-making processes to be adopted together at scale across an organization because they are complementary. Also, the review suggests that by relying heavily on a style of quantitative testing based on looking for associations between concepts in datasets empirically available, research suffers from conceptual inconsistencies and uneven coverage across empirical contexts. The review presents a new conceptualization for digital transformation as an enabler of sustainability, which comes with execution conditions and identifies future research agendas to distinguish genuine sustainability effects from the simple prominence of sustainability.

Risk Management Analysis in the Implementation of the Mataram Mayor's Office Development Project

2026-06-03T17:35:06+07:00

In the implementation of construction projects, particularly the Mataram Mayor's Office Development Project, various risks may lead to cost overruns, delays in project completion, and reduced work quality. During the construction phase, contractors face various uncertainties; therefore, effective risk management is required. This study aims to identify risk sources, conduct risk assessments, and formulate risk mitigation strategies. The method employed in this study is the Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) for risk identification and the AS/NZS 4360:2004 standard for determining risk levels and categories. The identification results revealed that 44 risk variables were identified in the project. Following the risk assessment, 6 risks were categorized as high risk, 30 risks as medium risk, and 8 risks as low risk. Risk management strategies are implemented through monitoring and supervision to strengthen supply chains, manage logistics, and ensure preparedness in addressing uncertainties such as delays and material shortages. Furthermore, improving work culture, implementing Occupational Health and Safety Management (OHSM), applying systematic change management, enhancing effective communication, and developing adaptive weather planning are key measures to minimize risks and maintain project continuity.

Numerical Study of the Effects of the Primary Air/Secondary Air Ratio and Coal Quality on Combustion Characteristics and Emissions in a 115 MW CFB Power Plant

2026-07-30T22:32:39+07:00

The distribution of combustion air in a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler plays an important role in determining combustion performance and emission formation. Variations in coal quality result in differences in combustion characteristics, making it necessary to optimize the Primary Air/Secondary Air (PA/SA) ratio. This study aimed to analyze the effects of PA/SA ratio variations and coal quality on temperature distribution and exhaust gas composition in a 115 MW CFB power plant. The simulation was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Ansys Fluent 2024 R2 software, incorporating PA/SA ratio variations of 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, and 70/30 for two coal types: Low-Rank Coal (LRC) and Medium-Rank Coal (MRC). The analyzed parameters included temperature distribution and mass fractions of CO₂, O₂, and NOx. The simulation results showed that PA/SA ratios of 40/60 and 50/50 produced more homogeneous temperature distributions compared with the 60/40 and 70/30 ratios. MRC produced higher furnace temperatures than LRC but also resulted in increased NOx emissions. The highest CO₂ mass fractions were obtained at PA/SA ratios of 40/60 and 50/50, with values of approximately 0.16–0.17, indicating more effective carbon conversion. An increase in the primary air ratio increased the concentrations of O₂ and NOx in the furnace. Overall, the 50/50 PA/SA ratio provided the optimal combustion performance, characterized by a more homogeneous temperature distribution, high carbon conversion efficiency, and controlled NOx emissions.

Development of a Health Promotion Model to Improve the Skill Levels of Posyandu Volunteers: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-07-28T13:32:06+07:00

Posyandu cadres play a strategic role in supporting community-based primary health services in Indonesia. However, increasingly complex public health challenges require cadres to have broader competencies beyond basic technical skills. Health promotion has been widely recognized as an effective approach to strengthening the capacity and skills of public health volunteers, but studies integrating various components of health promotion into a comprehensive cadre development model are limited. This research aims to identify and synthesize health promotion components that contribute to improving the competence and skills of public health volunteers and develop a health promotion model to improve the skill level of Posyandu cadres. The Systematic Literature Review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were conducted using Publish or Perish linked to the Google Scholar database with keywords ("public health volunteers") AND ("health promotion") AND ("competencies" OR "skills") AND ("model" OR "framework") for publications between 2020 and 2025. An initial search yielded 200 articles. After selecting titles, abstracts, and full texts based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 articles were selected for qualitative synthesis. Thematic analysis is used to identify the main components of health promotion related to cadre competency development. The findings point to six key components that contribute to improving the competence and skills of public health volunteers: leadership development, capacity building, health literacy, health communication, community empowerment, and organizational and health system support. These components were consistently identified across the reviewed studies as important factors influencing cadre effectiveness, community participation, and sustainability of health promotion programs.

Fostering Adaptive Behavior in Students at Risk of Mild Intellectual Disabilities Through the Role of Homeroom Teachers at Public Junior High Schools in Kaubun District (A Case Study at Kaubun Public Junior High School No. 3)

2026-07-28T13:27:19+07:00

The current implementation of adaptive behavior training for students at risk of mild intellectual disabilities at SMP Negeri 3 Kaubun remains suboptimal due to the absence of specialized support teachers. This study was motivated by the importance of adaptive behavior training in enabling students with mild intellectual disabilities to function more independently in their daily lives within the school environment. The study examined how the school fostered adaptive behavior through the role of homeroom teachers in addressing students’ cognitive and social limitations. A qualitative case study approach was employed. Data were collected from three key informants—the parents, the homeroom teacher, and the school principal—through observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Data were analyzed using an interactive qualitative analysis model comprising data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed three main results: students experienced difficulties in processing complex explanations and demonstrated limited social interaction; homeroom teachers implemented seven adaptive strategies, including classroom responsibility agreements, attendance-based rewards, and empathetic communication; and parents reported that their children interacted less socially at home but consistently completed their homework. The study concluded that homeroom teachers played a crucial role in fostering adaptive behavior through structured routines and active school–parent collaboration. However, the lack of inclusive educational infrastructure, limited specialized training, and persistent social stigma remained significant barriers requiring systematic policy intervention.

A Differentiation-Based Brand Image Strategy to Increase the Number of Non-BPJS Patients at A Private Hospital in Jember

2026-07-28T13:27:30+07:00

Private hospitals in Indonesia face a dual challenge: serving a high proportion of BPJS patients while maintaining organizational sustainability through services for non-BPJS patients. However, negative public perceptions of the BPJS system may affect a hospital's brand image and obscure its differentiation in the minds of consumers. This study formulates a differentiation-based brand image strategy to increase non-BPJS patient utilization at Private Hospital X in Jember—a Type C hospital with approximately 80% of its patients covered by BPJS—using the Double Diamond Design Thinking framework. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected from internal stakeholders through in-depth interviews, digital observation, and document analysis. Thematic analysis identified key themes related to determinants of hospital selection, internal challenges in brand image management, and potential differentiation strategies. Strategic recommendations were developed through market segmentation, the formulation of Points-of-Parity (POP) and Points-of-Difference (POD), a desired brand image framework, and the implementation of the 7Ps Marketing Mix. The findings reveal that non-BPJS patients are predominantly price-sensitive consumers who prioritize value for money, while the hospital's internal challenges include limited human resource competencies and an unstructured branding system. The study concludes that Hospital X possesses strong functional and symbolic advantages, including humanistic service, affordable pricing, and a wide range of non-BPJS services, but requires a more strategic communication approach to strengthen its differentiation. This research contributes an applied strategic framework to support managerial decision-making for the development of non-BPJS services within the field of Strategic Brand Management.

The Effectiveness of Contract Control for the Procurement of Goods and Services at the Secretariat General of the Constitutional Court

2026-07-27T14:59:42+07:00

Contract control in government procurement is a critical determinant of the quality of public expenditure. However, recurring audit findings related to volume shortages, overpayments, and non-compliance indicate persistent weaknesses in contract control across Indonesian public institutions. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of contract control in the procurement of goods and services at the Secretariat General of the Constitutional Court. Contract control is essential for ensuring that procurement activities are conducted in accordance with applicable regulations while meeting requirements related to time, quality, cost, and organizational objectives. In practice, effective contract control extends beyond administrative compliance to include monitoring contract implementation, verifying compliance with technical specifications, mitigating risks, and addressing issues that arise during contract execution. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The analysis examined the effectiveness of contract control throughout the procurement process, including the planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and contract completion stages. The findings indicate that effective contract control is strongly influenced by comprehensive planning, competent human resources, effective inter-unit coordination, regulatory compliance, and the use of a structured monitoring system. Well-implemented contract control minimizes project delays, non-compliance with technical specifications, contractual disputes, and the risk of financial losses to the state. Therefore, contract control within the procurement of goods and services at the Secretariat General of the Constitutional Court should be implemented consistently, transparently, and accountably to support the principles of good governance.

The Effect of Performance on Reinsurance Decisions of Indonesian General Insurance Companies: An Empirical Review of the Pandemic and Post Pandemic Period

2026-07-29T15:33:51+07:00

This research aims to analyze the effect of ROE on REINS of general insurance companies in Indonesia, comparing the pandemic period (2020–2022) and the post-pandemic period (2023–2024). Using panel data from 50 companies over the 2020–2024 period (250 observations), this study employs three empirical models: Model 1 (2SLS two-way fixed effect with insurance leverage as instrument), Model 2 (OLS one-way fixed effect with contemporaneous ROE), and Model 3 (OLS one-way fixed effect with a one-period lag of ROE). Estimation results show that in Model 1 and Model 2, ROE has no significant effect on REINS. In Model 3, the lag of ROE has a positive coefficient (0.01967) and is significant at the 10% level (p = 0.074), which does not support the underinvestment hypothesis. Financial leverage consistently shows a positive effect, while premium growth consistently shows a negative effect. Comparative period analysis reveals that during the pandemic, the lag of ROE is not significant, whereas in the post-pandemic period, the lag of ROE becomes positive (0.199) and significant (p = 0.009). The Chow test yields a p-value of 0.05758, significant at the 10% level. Model 3 is selected as the main model as it better reflects the real-world decision-making process. This study concludes that the effect of ROE on REINS in Indonesia differs from previous findings, and that the relationship pattern changed after the pandemic. These findings have implications for insurance company management and regulators in formulating reinsurance strategies based on past performance, leverage, and premium growth.

The Effect of a Growth Mindset on the Chemistry Learning Process Among 11th-Grade Students in Class XI-P2 at SMAS Bhaktyarsa Maumere in 2024

2026-07-28T13:38:47+07:00

This research aims to analyze the tendency of growth mindset and fixed mindset and their relationship with the chemistry learning process in the perspective of educational psychology. The research used a mixed method approach, namely a descriptive quantitative and qualitative approach with a total sampling technique for 34 students of SMAS Bhaktyarsa Maumere. The instrument used was a Likert scale-based mindset questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was carried out through simple descriptive and correlational statistics. The results showed that 55.9% of students were in the fixed mindset category and 44.1% in the growth mindset category. The validity test showed most of the instrument items were feasible for use in the study, while reliability was in the category of sufficient. The findings indicate a tendency to have a positive relationship between growth mindsets and the quality of the chemistry learning process, especially in the aspects of perseverance, response to difficulties, and learning motivation. However, the strength of the relationship obtained in this study has not fully demonstrated a causally significant influence, so further research with a stronger inferential design is needed.

Optimization of Preventive Replacement of Critical Components in the Komatsu PC2000-8 Excavator to Minimize Downtime at PT XYZ

2026-07-28T13:33:02+07:00

The availability of primary loading equipment, particularly the Komatsu PC2000-8 excavator, is a key determinant of operational efficiency in open-pit mining. Failures of critical components directly affect downtime, maintenance costs, and key performance indicators, including physical availability (PA), mean time between failures (MTBF), and mean time to repair (MTTR). Current preventive maintenance practices, which largely follow generic original equipment manufacturer (OEM) replacement intervals, often fail to prevent actual breakdowns, highlighting the need to optimize preventive replacement intervals based on cost and downtime minimization. This study aims to determine the optimal preventive replacement intervals for the critical components of the Komatsu PC2000-8 excavator to minimize downtime and maintenance costs while improving equipment availability. The study employed a quantitative comparative optimization approach. Critical components were identified using a Pareto diagram based on failure frequency and cumulative downtime. Reliability analysis was performed by selecting the most appropriate time-between-failures distribution using Relyence Weibull software to estimate the distribution parameters. Reliability, hazard rate, MTBF, and cost analyses comparing preventive and corrective replacement—including spare parts, labor, supporting equipment, and lost production or contractual implications—were subsequently performed. An Age Replacement policy was then optimized to determine replacement intervals that minimized the long-run average cost per unit time while satisfying equipment availability constraints. The results indicated that the optimal preventive replacement intervals based on cost minimization were 11,545 hours for the Boom Cylinder, 16,820 hours for the Turbocharger, 7,366 hours for the Water Pump, 20,026 hours for the Final Drive, and 19,624 hours for the Radiator.

Impact of Net Zero Emission 2060 Initiatives to the Commercial Electric Vehicle Adoption in Indonesia: A System Dynamic Model Approach

2026-07-28T13:31:46+07:00

Indonesia has committed to achieving Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060, with transport electrification identified as one of the key mitigation strategies. This study investigates the impact of government policies on commercial electric vehicle adoption, particularly electric buses, in Indonesia using a System Dynamics approach. A simulation model was developed in Vensim® PLE 10.3.1 based on Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs) and Stock-and-Flow Diagrams (SFDs) to evaluate 17 policy scenarios over the 2026–2060 period. The scenarios represent combinations of value-added tax (VAT) incentives, fuel price reforms, and electricity tariff policies under Indonesia’s Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (ENDC). The findings indicate that, under business-as-usual conditions, commercial electric bus adoption remains limited, reaching only approximately 8,925 units by 2060. The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is identified as the primary determinant of adoption, with fuel prices exerting the strongest influence on market competitiveness. Among the evaluated scenarios, the combination of a 10% VAT incentive and fuel subsidy removal produces the best outcome, enabling the market to reach the projected saturation level of 132,000 electric buses while expanding domestic manufacturing capacity to more than 20,500 units annually. This scenario is also projected to reduce approximately 8,785 Gg CO₂ emissions in 2060, contributing 18–22% of the annual emissions reduction target under Indonesia’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (SNDC). The results highlight that fuel price reform is the most effective policy instrument, while VAT incentives and affordable electricity tariffs play complementary roles in accelerating commercial electric vehicle adoption.

The Relationship Between Energy Intake, Protein Intake, and the Albumin-To Globulin Ratio and Stunting in Toddlers Aged 24–59 Months

2026-07-28T13:37:26+07:00

Stunting remains a global public health problem characterized by chronic growth failure resulting from long-term undernutrition and recurrent infections. This study aims to analyze the relationship between energy intake, protein intake, and the albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 24–59 months. The study synthesized evidence from 18 expert-validated variables derived from the literature in the fields of nutrition, public health, and immunometabolism. Energy and protein intake were assessed alongside serum biomarkers, including albumin, globulin, and the A/G ratio, while stunting status was determined based on the Height-for-Age Z-score (HAZ) according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The literature review findings demonstrated that low energy and protein intake, together with a decreased A/G ratio, were significantly associated with the incidence of stunting. These findings indicate that inflammatory and metabolic imbalances, as reflected by serum protein biomarkers, play an important role in growth disorders in addition to inadequate nutritional intake. Stunting is not solely caused by an energy deficit but also involves complex biological mechanisms, including chronic inflammation and disturbances in protein metabolism. This study contributes to a more integrative understanding of stunting by combining nutritional and biomolecular perspectives while supporting the development of more precise and multidimensional intervention strategies.