Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies

Cardiovascular Outcomes of Tirzepatide Compared with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1) and Insulin in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2026-09-11T16:16:46+07:00

Cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, highlighting the need for antidiabetic therapies that provide metabolic benefits without increasing cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular outcomes of tirzepatide compared with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), insulin therapy, and placebo in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, and ScienceDirect databases were searched from inception to April 2026. Seven randomized controlled trials involving 21,108 participants met the eligibility criteria. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Mantel–Haenszel method, and subgroup analyses were performed according to comparator class. Tirzepatide did not significantly alter the risk of myocardial infarction compared with pooled comparators (RR 1.97; 95% CI 0.52–7.43; p = 0.31) or stroke (RR 2.47; 95% CI 0.45–13.52; p = 0.30). The risk of all-cause mortality was also comparable between groups (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.38–2.89; p = 0.92). Comparator-based subgroup analyses yielded similarly nonsignificant results. In conclusion, tirzepatide demonstrated a cardiovascular safety profile comparable to GLP-1 receptor agonists, insulin therapy, and placebo; however, additional long-term studies are required to determine whether it provides superior cardiovascular benefits.

Implementation of a Real-Time Chat System Based on the MERN Stack and Socket.io with Natural Language Processing Integration for Automatic Sentiment Analysis

2026-09-02T13:57:47+07:00

Digital communication through chat platforms has become a primary medium for consultation services; however, the absence of non-verbal cues makes early detection of users’ emotional states challenging. This study implemented a real-time chat system based on the MERN Stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js) integrated with a lexicon-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) module to automatically detect message sentiment and risk levels. The system utilized Socket.io for bidirectional communication, with the NLP module positioned within the Controller layer and executed inline in the sendMessage event handler without requiring external services or message queues. Functional testing of the analyzeText() function across ten scenarios showed that all risk-level classifications matched the expected results. Sentiment classification achieved 80% accuracy, with two misclassifications attributed to the inherent limitations of lexicon-based matching in handling negation and substring ambiguity. All eleven Socket.io communication scenarios and seven REST API endpoints successfully passed testing. The MVC pattern within the MERN Stack demonstrated sufficient flexibility to accommodate an inline NLP module without requiring modifications to the Model or View layers. Furthermore, the tiered priority logic, which placed risky-word detection above sentiment scoring, maintained system reliability in critical cases despite occasional sentiment classification errors.

Analysis of the Indonesia Raya National Anthem Playing Policy at the Class I Non-TPI Immigration Office of Bogor

2026-09-02T14:01:55+07:00

This study analyzed the policy of playing the Indonesia Raya national anthem at 10:00 a.m. at the Class I Non-TPI Immigration Office of Bogor and its impact on public service delivery and the psychological conditions of civil servants (Aparatur Sipil Negara [ASN]). Conducted from April to June 2025, this study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a retrospective analysis design. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and policy document reviews involving twelve informants, including service-implementing civil servants, structural officials, and service users. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model and interpreted through the perspective of resilience theory.The findings indicated that playing the anthem at 10:00 a.m. coincided with active service hours, resulting in distractions to concentration, disruptions to work routines, and uncertainty among visitors regarding appropriate conduct. Most informants considered this timing suboptimal and suggested moving the activity to 7:55 a.m., before service hours began, as an alternative that maintained national values without reducing public service effectiveness. This study recommends adaptive policy evaluation that incorporates direct feedback from frontline implementers.

Analysis Of Chemical Bonding in the C₆₀Br₂ System Based on NBO, AIM, And Bond Topology Analysis

2026-09-07T22:32:30+07:00

Fullerene C₆₀ is recognized as a carbon nanostructure with distinctive electronic, optical, and redox properties, making it a highly promising functional material. Although halogenation is an important strategy for modifying the properties of fullerenes, the interactions between heavy halogens and the fullerene surface require further investigation. This study evaluated the chemical bonding characteristics of the C₆₀–Br₂ system using computational approaches based on Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) theory, Atoms in Molecules (AIM) theory, and electron-density topology analysis. Geometry optimization revealed a Br–C interatomic distance of 2.07 Å, indicating a pronounced intermediate bonding character. Although structural visualization did not indicate the formation of a rigid conventional covalent bond, NBO analysis revealed significant orbital interactions, as reflected by the Wiberg Bond Index (WBI), while AIM analysis indicated weak and polarized bonding characteristics based on the topology of the electron density and its Laplacian, consistent with established computational criteria for characterizing bonding interactions in functionalized fullerene systems. Furthermore, topological analysis confirmed the presence of a bond critical point (BCP) with a negative local total energy density, indicating a stabilizing interaction between the bromine and carbon atoms. Overall, the C₆₀–Br₂ system exhibited bonding characteristics intermediate between classical covalent bonding and noncovalent interactions, suggesting that the Br–C interaction can be classified as a partially covalent, polarized interaction.

Analysis of Route Planning for the Pluit–Airport Toll Road from the Perspective of Technical Evaluation and Investment Feasibility

2026-09-02T13:31:20+07:00

This study aims to determine the optimal alternative route for the Pluit–Airport Toll Road based on technical evaluation and investment feasibility analysis. The research was motivated by the high level of congestion on the Prof. Dr. Ir. Sedyatmo Toll Road, which serves as the primary access route to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, creating the need for an alternative corridor capable of improving connectivity, reducing travel time, and supporting the development of the urban toll road network. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) to assess six alternative routes. The technical evaluation was conducted by examining road geometric design, structural requirements, geotechnical conditions, hydrology, route length, construction costs, road network integration, constructability, land acquisition risks, and environmental and social impacts. The selected alternative was further assessed through investment feasibility indicators, including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PP), along with sensitivity analysis. The technical analysis results showed that Alternative Route 4A achieved the highest technical score because it provided an optimal route alignment, more efficient structural requirements, lower land acquisition risks, better constructability, and superior connectivity with the Harbour Road II Toll Road and Sedyatmo Toll Road. Therefore, the construction of the Pluit–Airport Toll Road was considered feasible from both technical and financial perspectives and was expected to improve transportation connectivity and efficiency in the Jakarta metropolitan area.

Mother Tongue Barriers and⁠ Anecdote Text Writing in Indonesian as A Second Language: A Genre-Based Study of Papua Students

2026-09-11T16:16:29+07:00

Writing Indonesian anecdote texts presents challenges for Papuan students who use languages as their mother tongues. Linguistic differences, limited genre knowledge, and insufficiently contextualized instruction may affect their ability to produce coherent and complete texts. This study aimed to describe students’ anecdote-writing competence, identify forms of mother-tongue interference, and examine the pedagogical relevance of a genre-based approach. A descriptive-exploratory design was employed at SMA Negeri Meepago, Papua, involving 48 Grade X students, one Indonesian language teacher, and the principal. Data were collected through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and unsupported student writing tasks, then analyzed thematically using ATLAS.ti 9 through initial, focused, and theoretical coding. The findings showed that 41 students (85%) demonstrated mother-tongue interference, including grammatical transfer, inverted word order, dialectal lexical intrusion, direct translation, omission of function words, and incomplete sentences. Moreover, 38 students (79%) displayed inadequate knowledge of anecdote structures, while only 40% achieved the minimum writing competency criterion. These difficulties were reinforced by lecture-centered teaching, limited genre modeling, and materials that were insufficiently connected to Papuan contexts. The study concludes that a culturally responsive genre-based approach is needed to provide explicit modeling, collaborative construction, and scaffolding, thereby improving students’ linguistic accuracy, textual coherence, and mastery of anecdote writing.

Implementation of an Exit Strategy to Support The Sustainability of PT Polytama Propindo’s Environmental and Social Responsibility Program

2026-09-02T14:40:58+07:00

The sustainability of Social and Environmental Responsibility (TJSL) programs poses a major challenge when corporate interventions come to an end, particularly in ensuring that social, economic, and environmental benefits can be sustained by beneficiary communities. In this context, an exit strategy serves as a critical mechanism for facilitating the transition from dependency to community self-reliance. This study aimed to analyze how PT Polytama Propindo designed and implemented its exit strategy to support the sustainability of its TJSL programs. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study design, the study used in-depth interviews and observations. The data were analyzed using thematic coding to identify patterns in the design and implementation of the exit strategy. The findings revealed that PT Polytama Propindo’s exit strategy was incorporated from the initial stages through social mapping, focus group discussions (FGDs), the establishment of success indicators, and integration into the company’s internal governance. Its implementation was carried out in stages through the mechanisms of passing down, passing over, and, when necessary, passing out, allowing corporate intervention to be gradually reduced while strengthening community capacity and transferring responsibility to local actors. These findings underscored that the success of the exit strategy was highly dependent on local capacity building, the establishment of community institutions, and multi-stakeholder engagement. Theoretically, this study enriched the existing literature on exit strategies by positioning the company as a central actor in designing the sustainability of TJSL programs, particularly within the petrochemical industry.

A Techno-Economic Study on the Planning of Solar Power Plant Upgrades Using the AHP Method on Neira Island, Central Maluku

2026-09-04T14:34:12+07:00

Maluku Province has significant solar energy potential; however, the utilization of the Solar Power Plant (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya [PLTS]) on Banda Neira Island has remained suboptimal because the facility, which was originally constructed in 2012, ceased operation in 2017. This condition has resulted in continued dependence on Diesel Power Plants (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Diesel [PLTD]), which contribute to high carbon emissions. This study aimed to determine the optimal rehabilitation scenario for the PLTS through a techno-economic assessment using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Three hybrid PLTS configurations (PV+BESS+PLTD) were modeled using PVSyst and HOMER Pro software, with photovoltaic (PV) capacities of 360 kWp, 480 kWp, and 1,200 kWp, respectively. The optimal alternative was selected based on eight criteria: system reliability, facility complexity, fuel consumption reduction, capital expenditure (CAPEX), internal rate of return (IRR), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), carbon emission reduction, and land availability. The analysis showed that Scenario 2, consisting of a 480 kWp PV system integrated with a 1,610 kWh battery energy storage system (BESS), achieved the highest overall score. This scenario resulted in a performance ratio of 80.43%, an IRR of 19%, a return on investment (ROI) of 15.2%, and a payback period of less than five years. Furthermore, it reduced carbon emissions by approximately 530,469 kg CO₂ annually, representing a 9% reduction compared with the existing diesel-based system. These findings demonstrate that Scenario 2 provides the optimal balance among technical, economic, and environmental considerations.

The Effect of Influencer Marketing and Online Customer Reviews on Purchase Intention for Lozy Hijab Arabian Shawl Products on the TikTok Shop Platform

2026-09-12T13:29:46+07:00

The rapid growth of social commerce has transformed consumer purchasing behavior, particularly in the fashion and Muslim apparel industry. The TikTok Shop platform provides opportunities for brands to increase product visibility through influencer marketing and online customer reviews that may shape consumer perceptions and purchase decisions. This study aims to examine the effect of influencer marketing and online customer reviews on purchase intention for Lozy Hijab Arabian Shawl products on the TikTok Shop platform. This research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method distributed to consumers who were familiar with Lozy Hijab products and had interacted with TikTok Shop content. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using statistical techniques to evaluate the relationship between influencer marketing, online customer reviews, and purchase intention. The findings indicate that influencer marketing contributes to consumers’ purchase intentions by increasing product awareness, trust, and perceived attractiveness through influencer credibility and content engagement. In addition, online customer reviews influence purchase intention by providing social proof, product information, and confidence regarding product quality and customer experience. The combination of influencer marketing strategies and positive online reviews strengthens consumer attitudes toward purchasing decisions. This study provides practical implications for Lozy Hijab and similar fashion brands in optimizing digital marketing strategies on social commerce platforms by improving influencer collaboration and encouraging authentic customer feedback.

Internal Control Strategies in The Face of Budget Constraints (A Case Study of The Inspector General's Office of The Ministry of Communications and Digital Technology)

2026-09-02T13:52:07+07:00

This research examines the implementation of internal control strategies in addressing budget constraints within the Inspectorate General of the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs. The research is motivated by the 2025 fiscal efficiency policy, which significantly reduced budget allocations for government institutions, including internal audit units responsible for ensuring accountability and good governance. The objective of this research is to analyze how the five components of the COSO Internal Control Framework are implemented under limited financial resources, identify factors contributing to weaknesses in internal control, and explore adaptive strategies that support organizational effectiveness. This research employs a qualitative case study approach within an interpretivist paradigm. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis involving key stakeholders within the Inspectorate General. The data were analyzed using the interactive model developed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, with General Systems Theory and the COSO Internal Control Framework serving as analytical lenses. The findings indicate that budget constraints affect the effectiveness of internal control implementation, particularly in areas such as risk assessment, control activities, and capacity development. However, internal control remains effective when supported by strong organizational commitment and adaptive mechanisms. The research also reveals that the use of technology, human resource optimization, and risk-based prioritization are key adaptive strategies that enhance efficiency without compromising audit quality. In conclusion, internal control functions not only as a compliance mechanism but also as a strategic instrument that strengthens organizational resilience under conditions of fiscal constraint.

A Study on The Influence of Building Construction Project Delays Besed on Delay Factors using The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Methods in West Nusa Tenggara Province

2026-09-09T23:24:53+07:00

Building construction projects involve various complex stages, ranging from planning and material procurement to execution and quality control. This complexity requires effective and efficient project management to ensure that projects are completed according to the established schedule, quality standards, and budget. However, delays remain a common problem in construction project implementation and may result from various technical and nontechnical factors. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing delays in building construction projects and to determine the severity of delays across several projects in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The study employed the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the weights and priorities of delay factors and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to rank the severity of project delays. Data were obtained from respondents with experience and direct involvement in construction project implementation and were supported by actual project execution data from three case studies: Mataram University Hospital, Mandalika Hospital, and the Islamic Center. The AHP weighting results showed varying levels of importance among the delay factors. Criterion C2 had the highest weight (0.17), followed by C14 (0.12), C1 (0.11), and C7 (0.09). The SAW ranking results placed Mandalika Hospital first, the Islamic Center second, and Mataram University Hospital third in terms of delay severity. These findings indicated that project delays were not determined by a single factor but resulted from the cumulative influence of multiple factors with different levels of importance.

Effect of Liquid-To-Solid (L/S) Ratio on The Characteristics of Fly Ash and Pumice-Based Geopolymer Mortar for Lightweight Panel Applications

2026-09-02T13:44:32+07:00

Fly ash and pumice-based geopolymers have emerged as promising low-carbon construction materials with the potential to reduce the environmental impacts associated with Portland cement production. However, their performance is highly dependent on mixture proportions, particularly the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the optimum L/S ratio and evaluate its effect on the characteristics of fly ash and pumice-based geopolymer mortar. A laboratory experimental program was conducted using five liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60. The investigated properties included compressive strength, density, and water absorption. The statistical significance of the L/S ratio was evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The L/S ratio significantly influenced the compressive strength, density, and water absorption of geopolymer mortar. The optimum performance was achieved at an L/S ratio of 0.45, resulting in the highest compressive strength (21.03 MPa), highest density (2.12 g/cm³), and lowest water absorption (6%). One-way ANOVA confirmed that variations in the L/S ratio had statistically significant effects on all investigated properties (p < 0.001), with coefficients of determination of 99.44% for compressive strength, 98.42% for density, and 75.04% for water absorption. The liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio was identified as a critical parameter governing matrix densification, porosity development, and the physical and mechanical properties of fly ash and pumice-based geopolymer mortar. An L/S ratio of 0.45 was recommended as the optimum condition for achieving the best balance among compressive strength, density, and water absorption.

Effect of Liquid-to-Solid (L/S) Ratio on The Characteristics of Metakaolinbased Geopolymer Mortar for Lightweight Panel Applications

2026-09-02T13:46:20+07:00

The development of low-carbon construction materials has become increasingly important to mitigate the environmental impacts associated with the extensive use of Portland cement. Metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar has emerged as a promising alternative binder due to its environmental advantages and favorable engineering properties. This study aimed to determine the optimum liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio and evaluate its effects on the compressive strength, density, and water absorption of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar. An experimental laboratory investigation was conducted using five liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60. The evaluated properties included compressive strength, density, and water absorption. Statistical significance was assessed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The L/S ratio significantly influenced all measured properties. The optimum performance was achieved at an L/S ratio of 0.45, which resulted in the highest compressive strength (16.60 MPa), the highest density (1.96 g/cm³), and the lowest water absorption (4%). One-way ANOVA confirmed that the L/S ratio had a significant effect on compressive strength, density, and water absorption (p < 0.001). The liquid-to-solid ratio was identified as a critical parameter governing microstructural densification, porosity development, and the physical and mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar. An L/S ratio of 0.45 was recommended as the optimum condition for achieving balanced mechanical performance and durability-related properties.

A Study on The Vulnerability of Coastal Areas to Earthquakes and Tsunamis, and A Swot Analysis for Mitigation Based on A Socio-Ecological Framework in West Ternate, Ternate City, North Maluku Province

2026-09-02T14:29:16+07:00

The coastal area of West Ternate, Ternate City, North Maluku Province, is highly vulnerable to earthquake and tsunami hazards because of its direct exposure to the double-subduction system of the Molucca Sea. This study aimed to analyze the potential impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis, examine the relationship between coastal morphological characteristics and tsunami susceptibility, and formulate applicable and realistic disaster mitigation strategies. The study employed a qualitative approach using the Socio-Ecological Framework (SEF) integrated with SWOT analysis. Data were obtained through a literature review, analysis of seismic data from BMKG and the USGS, field observations, interpretation of satellite and drone imagery, and in-depth interviews with local communities and relevant stakeholders. The results indicated that the Molucca Sea region exhibited high seismic activity and recurrent earthquake and tsunami potential, while the coastal morphology of West Ternate, characterized by narrow bays and steep topography, contributed to tsunami-wave amplification. In addition, disaster risk was influenced by interactions among physical, social, and institutional factors. The study concluded that disaster mitigation strategies in West Ternate should be developed through an integrated approach that considers coastal geomorphological conditions, seismic hazard patterns, community preparedness, and local institutional capacity. The findings are expected to provide a scientific basis for area-based earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation planning in West Ternate.

Assessment of Building Damage Levels and Methods to Accelerate the Rehabilitation of Madrasah Schools in North Lombok Regency

2026-07-25T09:19:52+07:00

North Lombok Regency remains vulnerable to earthquakes, and damage to madrasah buildings continues to disrupt safe learning environments. This study aimed to assess the level of building damage and formulate priority strategies for accelerating madrasah rehabilitation in the region. A mixed-methods approach was applied to 12 madrasahs comprising 65 buildings. Data were collected through visual assessments of structural, architectural, and utility components based on Circular Letter No. 47/SE/DC/2020. The findings were analyzed using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS), External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS), and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) using Super Decisions 2.10. The results showed that 42 buildings (64.62%) were slightly damaged, nine buildings (13.85%) were moderately damaged, and 14 buildings (21.54%) were severely damaged. IFAS and EFAS scores of 0.80 and 0.25, respectively, positioned the rehabilitation strategy in Quadrant I, indicating an aggressive strategic position. The ANP results ranked risk mitigation and prevention of structural failure as the leading strategy (14.87%), followed by industrialized earthquake-resistant construction using modular or prefabricated methods (13.34%). Kendall’s coefficient of concordance reached 1.00, indicating perfect agreement among experts. The study concluded that rehabilitation efforts should prioritize structural safety, earthquake resistance, and accelerated construction processes while supporting administrative efficiency, budget utilization, and cost-effective contracting strategies.

Symbolic Interaction Communication of Traditional Games in Yogyakarta Palace Culture

2026-09-01T14:35:03+07:00

Traditional games constitute living cultural heritage that transmits social values, collective memory, and cultural identity; however, their meanings are increasingly threatened by modernization and digitally oriented leisure activities. This study aimed to analyze symbolic interactions in traditional games within the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace, identify the meanings attributed to their symbols by abdi dalem, and explain their role in sustaining Javanese culture. The study employed a qualitative design combining phenomenology and communication ethnography. Data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with purposively selected abdi dalem, and documentation, then analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing, and source, theoretical, and methodological triangulation. The findings revealed that symbolic interactions developed through Mead’s interconnected concepts of mind, self, and society. Game forms, numbers, colors, movements, turns, and customary rules functioned as significant symbols conveying ethical, social, philosophical, and spiritual meanings. Traditional games also facilitated role-taking, value transmission, social cohesion, and the reinforcement of cultural identity. The discussion demonstrates that abdi dalem act simultaneously as players and interpreters who continually negotiate shared meanings within palace norms. Therefore, traditional games are not merely recreational activities but also living communication systems that preserve Javanese values and support intergenerational cultural continuity within contemporary society amid rapidly changing social conditions.

Design and Evaluation of a Flutter Node.js Mongo DB System for Hospital Nutritional Inventory Auditing

2026-09-02T13:48:02+07:00

Manual auditing of hospital nutritional supplies often results in delays, transcription errors, and discrepancies between physical stock and system records. This study designed and evaluated a mobile-cloud inventory auditing system for the nutritional installation at RSUD Kraton Pekalongan. The system was developed using the Waterfall Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model and implemented with a Flutter mobile application, a Node.js backend, a MongoDB database, and Firebase-based data synchronization. Actual operational data from a one-month deployment in April 2025 were used to evaluate the system against the previous manual workflow. The results showed an input accuracy of 98.47% (1,226 valid entries out of 1,245), a 90% reduction in inventory discrepancies, and an 80% reduction in auditing time, from 4.5 hours to 0.9 hours per section. Furthermore, network latency evaluation showed an average optimized payload ingestion time of 0.8 seconds under stable connectivity, supported by a low database input/output (I/O) footprint of 310.91 B/s for inbound traffic. These findings indicate that the proposed system substantially improved data consistency, reduced the burden of manual transcription, and accelerated hospital logistics auditing without requiring excessive network bandwidth. The study contributes a validated implementation model for mobile-cloud inventory management in healthcare settings and provides a practical foundation for future predictive inventory planning.

Analysis of the Impact of Internal and External Factors on the Financial Performance of Energy Subsector Maritime Transport Companies in ASEAN (2020–2024)

2026-08-28T13:50:36+07:00

Maritime transportation supports energy distribution and international trade across ASEAN; however, its financial performance is exposed to both corporate conditions and external market volatility. This study aims to examine the effects of liquidity, capital structure, asset efficiency, firm size, growth, global energy prices, and freight rates on the financial performance of energy-subsector maritime transportation companies in ASEAN during 2020–2024. A quantitative explanatory research design was employed using secondary data obtained from S&P Capital IQ, the IMF Global Price of Energy Index accessed through FRED, and the Baltic Dirty Tanker Index. Purposive sampling was used to select 43 listed companies, resulting in 215 firm-year observations, of which 172 were included in the regression analysis because growth calculations required lagged data. Panel data regression was conducted using R software, supported by the Chow test, Hausman test, and Breusch–Pagan Lagrange Multiplier test, with firm-clustered robust standard errors applied to address potential heteroskedasticity and within-firm correlation. The fixed-effects model results indicate that all internal and external variables simultaneously have a significant effect on operating return on assets. Partially, only total asset turnover has a positive and significant effect, whereas liquidity, leverage, firm size, growth, energy prices, and freight rates do not show statistically significant effects. These findings indicate that efficient asset utilization, particularly fleet productivity, is the primary determinant of financial performance. Therefore, companies should prioritize asset optimization while strengthening financial management and external risk mitigation strategies.

The Relationship Between Social Connectedness and Perceptions of Discrimination Among Papuan Students in Jakarta

2026-09-05T13:57:37+07:00

Papuan university students studying in Jakarta face the demands of adjusting to a different social and cultural environment, as well as the possibility of experiencing treatment perceived as discriminatory. Under these circumstances, social connectedness is important because it relates to feelings of acceptance, interpersonal closeness, and belonging within a social environment. This study aimed to examine the relationship between social connectedness and perceived discrimination among Papuan university students in Jakarta. This study employed a quantitative method with a descriptive correlational approach. The participants were 382 Papuan university students studying in Jakarta who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Social Connectedness Scale-Revised and the Everyday Discrimination Scale. The data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank-order correlation, the Mann–Whitney U test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test. The results revealed a significant negative relationship between social connectedness and perceived discrimination (rₛ = −.469, p < .001), with a moderate correlation strength. This finding indicates that higher social connectedness among Papuan university students was associated with lower reported perceived discrimination. Conversely, lower social connectedness was associated with higher perceived discrimination.