The Legal Basis for The Emergence of Civil Liability of The Beneficial Owner in Agreements That Harm Third Parties
Downloads
This research examines the civil liability of beneficial owners in contractual relationships when third parties suffer losses. The issue arises because beneficial owners may substantially control corporate decisions and receive economic benefits without being formally recorded as shareholders, directors, or commissioners. This research uses a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical specification, supported by literature study and interviews with legal experts. The findings show that civil liability may be imposed based on the form of control exercised by the beneficial owner. If the beneficial owner is also a controlling shareholder, liability may be imposed through the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil under Article 3 paragraph (2) of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. Meanwhile, hidden beneficial owners may be held liable under Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code if factual control, bad faith, unlawful conduct, and a causal relationship with third-party losses can be proven. This study concludes that civil liability for beneficial owners is necessary to prevent misuse of corporate legal personality and strengthen legal protection for harmed third parties.
As’ad Imam Muhtadi, et al. (2024). Pertanggungjawaban pidana beneficial owner dalam kejahatan korporasi di bidang sumber daya alam. As-Syar’i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga, 6(3).
Bagheri, M., & Jahromi, M. J. G. (2016). Globalization and extraterritorial application of economic regulation: Crisis in international law and balancing interests. European Journal of Law and Economics, 41(2), 393–429.
Bayern, S., Burri, T., Grant, T. D., Häusermann, D. M., Möslein, F., & Williams, R. (2017). Company law and autonomous systems: A blueprint for lawyers, entrepreneurs, and regulators. UC Law Science and Technology Journal, 9(2), 135–172.
Busroh, A. D., & Busro, A. (1983). Asas-asas hukum tata negara. Ghalia Indonesia.
De Angelis, R., Howard, M., & Miemczyk, J. (2018). Supply chain management and the circular economy: Towards the circular supply chain. Production Planning & Control, 29(6), 425–437.
Eckert, S. (2018). Two spheres of regulation: Balancing social and economic goals. Regulation & Governance, 12(2), 177–191.
Garben, S. (2017). The constitutional (im)balance between ‘the market’ and ‘the social’ in the European Union. European Constitutional Law Review, 13(1), 23–61.
Gutnikov, O. (2022). Classification of legal entities in modern corporate law: Organizational forms and criteria for their differentiation. Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 15(2), 128–163.
Hidayat Salam. (2025, October 14). Peran Riza Chalid dan anak dalam kasus korupsi minyak mentah Rp 285 triliun. Kompas. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/peran-raja-minyak-riza-chalid-dan-anak-di-kasus-korupsi-minyak-mentah-rp-285-triliun/
Kraakman, R. H., & Armour, J. (2017). The anatomy of corporate law: A comparative and functional approach. Oxford University Press.
Mulhadi. (2017). Hukum perusahaan: Bentuk-bentuk badan usaha di Indonesia. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Miru, A. (2007). Hukum kontrak dan perancangan kontrak. Rajawali Pers.
Nielson, D. L., & Sharman, J. C. (2022). Signatures for sale: How nominee services for shell companies are abused to conceal beneficial owners. World Bank.
Pacini, C., Lin, J. W., & Patterson, G. (2021). Using shell entities for money laundering: Methods, consequences, and policy implications. Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting, 13(1), 73–89.
Petersmann, E. U. (2019). Constitutional functions and constitutional problems of international economic law. Routledge.
Pollman, E. (2021). The Supreme Court and the pro-business paradox. Harvard Law Review, 135(1), 220–266.
Putusan Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha Republik Indonesia Nomor 03/KPPU-L/2018.
Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 980 K/Pid.Sus/2015.
Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi DKI Jakarta Nomor 22/PID.SUS-TPK/2020/PT.DKI.
Rock, E. B. (2021). For whom is the corporation managed in 2020? The debate over corporate purpose. The Business Lawyer, 76(2), 363–396.
Sumarsih, I. (2025). Challenging nominee agreements in the mining industry: Between constitutional mandates and legal evasion. Indonesia Law Review, 15(1), Article 4.
Teece, D. J. (2016). Dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial management in large organizations: Toward a theory of the (entrepreneurial) firm. European Economic Review, 86, 202–216.
Witkowski, K. (2017). Internet of things, big data, industry 4.0–innovative solutions in logistics and supply chains management. Procedia Engineering, 182, 763–769.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairul Hidayat, Elisatris Gultom, Tri Handayani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
