Implementation of a Material-Driven Design Approach on Sandwich Sacks for the Development of Ealsmor Brand Bags

This study examines the role of genius loci in architectural planning and revitalization of the Old City of Surabaya (Kota Lama Surabaya), with particular attention to its symbolic elements, cultural identity, and historical meaning. As an intangible and non-physical dimension, the symbolic element of the area is strongly associated with Surabaya’s identity as the “City of Heroes,” rooted in significant historical events such as the Battle of Surabaya on 10 November 1945, especially around the Jembatan Merah area. The research analyzes the application of genius loci through three main aspects: placemaking, identity and sustainability, and conservation and revitalization. Placemaking strategies emphasize the creation of a strong sense of place through historical narratives, adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, and the reorganization of public spaces. The aspect of identity and sustainability highlights the importance of maintaining collective identity while integrating sustainable architecture, community involvement, and contextual design. Meanwhile, conservation and revitalization focus on reactivating heritage buildings through value-based restoration without freezing their development. The study also identifies challenges in preserving genius loci, including development pressure, degradation of authenticity, and limited community participation, alongside opportunities such as sustainable heritage tourism, adaptive reuse, bottom-up conservation approaches, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The findings suggest that integrating genius loci into planning and design can strengthen cultural continuity, enhance social sustainability, and ensure meaningful revitalization of Kota Lama Surabaya