|
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies Volume 3 Number 5, May, 2023 p- ISSN 2775-3735-
e-ISSN 2775-3727 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
THE INFLUENCE OF
AGRARIAN REFORM, SOCIAL CAPITAL, FARMER SPIRITUALITY AND PERSONAL TRIBUTE ON
FARMERS' WELFARE IN KABUPATEN BOGOR, WEST JAVA |
|
|
|
Samudra
Ivan Supratikno1, Isbandi
Rukminto Adi2, Djuara P. Lubis3 Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia1,2 IPB University, Indonesia3 Email: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected] |
|
|
|
ABSTRACT |
|
|
|
Residents in various villages to have agricultural land. The
distribution of soil types in the agrarian reform program in Kabupaten Bogor
is divided into two categories, namely paddy fields and dry land. The number
of family members beneficiaries of agrarian reform has an average of around
3-4 people with a standard deviation of 1.3. Agricultural land ownership
status affects the welfare of farmers. Social capital is related to
cooperation in a society to achieve a better quality of life supported by
values and norms as the main elements including trust, reciprocity and
collective rules. The influence of spirituality on the welfare of farmers in
Bogor Regency is very important to have. Some farmers think that having a
high level of education is not important to work as a farmer. Personal
attributes influence the welfare of farmers in Bogor Regency. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of the
agrarian reform program, social capital, farmer spirituality and personal
attributes on the welfare of farmers in Kabupaten Bogor, West Java. This
study was designed using a descriptive method with a quantitative approach.
Moreover, To find out how much influence these personal attributes have, this
study uses 5 (five) conceptual points in the hypothesis. The five points that
influence personal attributes include extraversion, agreeableness,
conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness. Most of the farmers feel less
confident in carrying out their agricultural tasks, but they have good
communication skills and are full of enthusiasm. |
|
|
|
KEYWORDS |
agrarian
reform; social capital; farmer spirituality; personal tribute |
|
|
|
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International |
|
INTRODUCTION
Social welfare through social development is urgently needed, where the
current policies taken by the state have not succeeded in dealing with the
problem of economic difficulties, because they ignore the problems of
recession, structural unemployment and other changes in economic reality. So we
need a social program that is reasonable, fair and pragmatic. Social programs
that are compatible with economic development will be better able to improve
social welfare (Midgley, 1995). Farmers' welfare as part of social welfare which
is the dependent variable has urgent problems that need to be resolved
immediately. The current problem is the still high gap between agricultural
land ownership. Meanwhile for the independent variables in the form of agrarian
reform programs, social capital, farmer spirituality and personal attributes.
In order to find out more about the importance of the welfare of farmers, this
will be explained at the global level and no less important at the local level.
In the midst of globalization that is currently rife, coupled with the
4.0 revolution, agriculture always has an important role in general today,
because it is sufficient for food needs, and it is a primary need. FAO
estimates “agriculture provides jobs for 1.3 billion people in the world, 97
percent of them in developing countries” (Bernstein, 2019). The large number of actors involved in
agriculture, then the next thing to pay attention to is related to social
welfare. A large enough number, if it has a high level of welfare, it will
certainly increase the general quality of life of the world's population.
The need to improve welfare conditions, especially in the agricultural
sector, as stated in the SDGs, especially in goal number two, End hunger,
achieve food security and better nutrition and support sustainable agriculture;
and goal number one, End poverty everywhere and in all its forms (Kamau & Owano, 2018).
Leaving No One Behind describes the main Principles of the SDGs.
Since the early 1970s the level of social welfare has increased
significantly, where according to reports from the United Nations and the World
Bank that significant social improvements have occurred not only in western
countries but also in developing countries. This increase in welfare is
influenced by several factors, one of which is development of social programs.
Even though there has been real social progress, the goal of achieving social
welfare as a whole has not been realized. However, in developing countries,
especially in Africa and Latin America, the proportion of people living below
the poverty line has also increased significantly (Midgley, 1995).
Therefore, in improving the welfare of the people, the United Nations accepts
the idea of sustainable development through a combination of economic
development and social programs (Midgley, 1995).
Farmers' welfare is related to various aspects including aspects of
agrarian reform, social capital, farmer's spirituality and personal attributes.
Several studies were conducted to examine the effect of agrarian reform on the
welfare of farmers, including research conducted by Davydova and Franks, (2006) as well as (Vista et al., 2012). The impact of agrarian reform in relation to
economic aspects has brought improvements in assets to agricultural land which
can increase the welfare of farmers.
Social capital is also one aspect that influences the level of farmer
welfare. Many studies have been conducted to analyze social capital including
research conducted by (Wang et al., 2021) and (Chen et al., 2014) where social capital provides a choice of farmers' adaptation strategies to
climate change and 80 to 86 percent of farmers adopt the necessary change
adaptation strategies. In addition to providing a choice of adaptation
strategies to climate change, social capital also triggers the adoption of
pressurized irrigation by increasing social pressure and strengthening farmers'
self-confidence. Social capital also has a role in encouraging farmer
participation in agricultural environmental governance (de Krom, 2017). Of all these independent variables affect the welfare
of farmers.
The adaptation strategies carried out by farmers to deal with various
problems that interfere with agriculture are not only influenced by social
capital, but can also be influenced by the spirituality of farmers. According
to research conducted by da Silva et al., (2017) spirituality can positively or negatively
influence risk perception and knowledge of adaptive strategies in the face of
environmental uncertainty. From this perception and knowledge is used to
improve the welfare of farmers
The last aspect related to the welfare of farmers is the personal
attribute aspect. Where in the research conducted (Prentice et al., 2019) shows that personal attributes affect 84% of the
purpose/ control of the human perspective. In addition, from research conducted
by Mazur et al., (2014) shows that personal
attributes are known to be related to the development, quality and
effectiveness and success of a project. These two studies show that personal
attributes can influence human perspectives to achieve project success which in
turn can also improve people's welfare.
The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of the
agrarian reform program, social capital, farmer spirituality and personal
attributes on the welfare of farmers in Kabupaten Bogor, West Java. Therefore,
the research questions were: (1) what is the pattern of distribution
or distribution of farmer welfare in Kabupaten Bogor?, (2) what is the influence of
agrarian reform both access to reform and reform assets on the welfare of
farmers in Kabupaten Bogor?, (3) how does the influence of social
capital on the welfare of farmers in Kabupaten Bogor?, (4) how is the influence of
spirituality on the welfare of farmers in Kabupaten Bogor?,
and (5) how
does the influence of personal attributes on the welfare of farmers in
Kabupaten Bogor?
RESEARCH
METHOD
General
Background
This study was designed using a descriptive method
with a quantitative approach. Descriptive statistical methods are used to
explain the phenomena that occur regarding research data. While the
quantitative method is used to explain the relationship between research
variables. The research method used is a survey method by collecting data
through research instruments, and distributing
questionnaires to respondents whose results are then processed through the SPSS
program to determine the relationship between existing variables. This method
is used to examine the relationship between several independent
and dependent variables.
Sample and
Participant of Study
The total population in this study were all
beneficiary farmers of agrarian reform in Kabupaten Bogor. The number of farmer
beneficiaries of agrarian reform in 2017 is 50 beneficiaries spread across all
sub-districts in Kabupaten Bogor. The number of beneficiaries has increased by
50 beneficiaries each year, so that the number of beneficiary farmers from 2017
to 2021 is 250 farmers.
The total population in this study was 250 farmers, the percentage of
allowance used was 5% and the calculation results could be rounded up to
achieve suitability. The calculation results show that the sample that must be taken
is 153.85 and rounded up to 154 farmers. This number is also not much different
from the list of samples that have been determined by Krejcie & Morgan, (1970) where if the population is 250 then the sample is 152. The sample is taken
based on probability sampling technique; simple random sampling, in which
researchers provide equal opportunities for every farmer in Kabupaten Bogor to
be selected as a random sample without regard to the existing strata in the
population itself
Instruments
and Procedures
The data collection technique used by the author in
this study was Field Research. In addition to field data, this research also
uses published data from various sources such as the Central Statistics Agency
(BPS), namely Susenas data, PODES, and also data from the National Land Agency
(BPN) specifically on agrarian reform data. Data processing includes data
transformation (coding), entering data and cleaning data.
Data
Analysis
Analysis
techniques can be divided into two, namely univariate analysis and bivariate or
multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis includes:
Distribution
The most basic format for presenting univariate data is to report all
individual cases; that is, to list the awards for each case studied in terms of
the variable in question.
Central Tendency
In addition to reporting marginals, data can be presented in the form of
summary averages or measures of central tendency. In this case, the arithmetic
mean and median modes can be used.
Dispersion
Averages have reduced the raw data to the most manageable form: a single
number (or attribute) that represents all the detailed data collected for a
variable.
Multivariate analysis used validity test with
Bivariate Pearson correlation (Pearson Product Moment). Testing the reliability
of the instrument using the Alpha Cronbach formula because this research instrument is in the form of a questionnaire and a
multilevel scale. If the alpha value > 0.7 means
sufficient reliability, while if alpha > 0.80 this suggests that all items
are reliable and all tests consistently have strong reliability.
The classic assumption test uses the normality
test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, autocorrelation test,
and linearity test. The hypothesis analysis used is parametric analysis using
partial correlation analysis. Partial correlation has the function of finding
the magnitude of the relationship and the contribution of two or more
independent variables (X) together with the dependent variable (Y).
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
Agricultural potential in Kabupaten Bogor generally consists of food
crops, vegetables and horticulture as well as plantations. Rice food crops
spread in almost all districts, with different variations in area. In general,
lowland rice spreads to the central and northern regions, where irrigation is
readily available, such as in the districts of Rumpin, Cigudeg, Sukajaya,
Pamijahan, Cibungbulang, Ciampea, Caringin, Jonggol, Sukamakmur and Cariu (LQ
value greater than 1). Upland rice plants spread only in a few districts in a
limited area. The productivity of paddy rice plants onwards.
Horticultural farming areas such as vegetables and fruit are also spread
in almost all areas, but the concentration of certain commodities is only
spread in certain areas. Meanwhile, food crop commodities, including corn, are
distributed in Darmaga, Cisarua, Megamendung, Cileungsi, Klapanunggal,
Rancabungur, Cibinong, Ciseeng, Gunung Sindur and Rumpin sub-districts. While
soybean plants spread only in Tamansari, Kemang, Rancabungur and Megamendung
sub-districts. The same situation also occurs with vegetables and fruit. The
vegetable area dominates is limited to a few districts such as Cisarua,
Darmaga, Leuwisadeng, Cigombong, while the fruit comes from the districts of
Tanjungsari, Mekarsari, Jasinga, Tajurhalang and others. Other horticultural
agriculture that needs to be developed is ornamental plants. Ornamental plant
producing areas are spread across several districts, namely: Tamansari,
Cijeruk, Ciawi, Megamendung, Tajurhalang, Mount Sindur, Bojonggede and others.
With various types of ornamental plants in this region, Kabupaten Bogor can be
used as the largest center for production and marketing of ornamental plants.
Based on data from BPNRI, the population of
beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program in
Kabupaten Bogor has reached 499 certificates. However, after cleansing data
based on addresses and names, it was found that only 405 data were truly
unique. This shows that there are 94 recipients who have the same name and
address.
The distribution of Agrarian Reform in Kabupaten Bogor was recorded at
427,550 m2, which has been distributed in two sub-districts, namely Jasinga and
Pamijahan. Jasinga District received the distribution of Agrarian Reform of
16.26 percent or an area of 69,508 m2, spread over one village, namely Setu
Village. Meanwhile, Pamijahan District received the distribution of Agrarian
Reform of 83.74 percent or an area of 358,042 m2, spread over five villages,
namely Ciasihin, Ciasmara, Cibunian, Gunung Bunder II, and Purwabakti. Gunung
Bunder II Village is the village with the largest distribution of Agrarian Reform,
namely 35 percent or an area of 152,756 m2, followed by Cibunian Village with
30.48 percent or an area of 130,317 m2. The largest area distributed was
6,362 m2 which was in Setu Village, Jasinga District,
The average area obtained by residents in Setu Village, Jasinga District
is 695 m2, while for Pamijahan District it is 897 m2. If detailed in Pamijahan
District, then in Ciasihin Village the average population gets 1,298 m2 with
the largest area being 2,300 m2 and the smallest being 295 m2. Ciasmara Village
receives an average of 2,055 m2 with the largest area being 2,055 m2 and the
smallest being 2,055 m2. Cibunian village averages 1,629 m2 with the largest
area being 3,847 m2 and the smallest being 53 m2. Gunung Bunder II village on
average gets 613 m2 with the largest area being 2,931 m2 and the smallest being
41 m2. Purwabakti Village receives an average of 1,050 m2 with the largest area
being 6,241 m2 and the smallest being 75 m2.
This data shows that the distribution of Agrarian Reform in Kabupaten
Bogor is quite even and provides opportunities for residents in various
villages to own agricultural land. However, evaluation needs to be carried out
to ensure that this distribution can provide optimal benefits for the community
and help improve their welfare.
The distribution of soil types in the agrarian reform program in
Kabupaten Bogor is divided into two categories, namely paddy fields and dry
land. Of the total distributed land area of 427,550 m2, 83.16 percent or the
equivalent of an area of 355,533 m2 is paddy fields. While the remaining
16.84 percent or an area of 72,017 m2 is land. This shows that the majority
of the land distributed through the agrarian reform program is paddy soil,
which is a very important soil type for farmers in carrying out agricultural
activities. The majority of beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program in
Kabupaten Bogor own the land obtained through the program, which is 95 percent
of the total respondents. Meanwhile, only five percent of the beneficiaries
owned land outside the agrarian reform program.
The number of family members beneficiaries of
agrarian reform has an average of around 3-4 people
with a standard deviation of 1.3. From the data on the percentage of family
members, the largest group is a family with four family members, with a
percentage of 31.89%. This indicates that the beneficiary families of agrarian
reform generally consist of a husband and wife and two children. The percentage
of families with five or six family members is quite significant, respectively 23.89% and 11.11%. This could indicate multiple generations
or extended families living together. The percentage of families with one
family member and eight family members is relatively small, 3.33% and 0.56%
respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the families of agrarian
reform beneficiaries vary in the number of family members, with the majority
consisting of married couples with two children.
According to BPS data for 2019, almost half (49.41%) of poor households
depend on the agricultural sector for their livelihood. Of these, 63.73% are in
rural areas and 26.71% in urban areas. So that in this case land is the most
crucial thing as an effort to meet subsistence needs. Indonesia is a country
whose people's economic life is agrarian, which means that policies related to
agricultural resources must be evenly distributed to achieve social justice for
all Indonesian people. According to (Martua, 2010) many poor farmers because of narrow land tenure.
Where soil or land is one of the important factors for the sustainability of
agricultural production, in which land or land is the main capital of farmers.
Based on the results of a field survey for the reform asset category,
from the three data collected, only one is included in the valid category,
namely the status of agricultural land ownership affects the welfare of
farmers. The majority of respondents, namely 56.67%, strongly agreed and 43.33%
agreed that the status of agricultural land ownership affects the welfare of
farmers. Partnerships between smallholders and other parties such as companies,
governments or non-profit organizations can greatly benefit farmers in gaining
access to a wider market and improving their management and technical skills.
Social capital relates to cooperation in a society to achieve a better
quality of life supported by values and norms as the main elements including
trust, reciprocity and collective rules (Haridison, 2013).
The social capital attached to the welfare of farmers is everything related to
the social aspects of the welfare of farmers. This includes factors such as
farmer participation in community activities, availability of access to health
and education services, and availability of public facilities such as roads,
clean water, and sanitation. According to survey results in the field related
to social capital as much as 75% of respondents agreed, 23.89% of respondents
strongly agreed and 1.11% of respondents did not agree. According to the survey
results in the field regarding the ability to cooperate with various groups and
gain profits, 63.33% of respondents agreed, 35.56% of respondents strongly
agreed and 1.11% of respondents disagreed. Experts agree that the ability to
cooperate with various groups and acquire the ability to take a friendly
approach,
The influence of spirituality on the welfare of farmers in Kabupaten
Bogor is very important to have. There are 5 (five) dimensions of farmer
spirituality in Bogor district used in this study, including; intention to
quite, organizational commitment, intrinsic job satisfaction, job involvement,
and organization based self-esteem. The first dimension, namely intention to
quite, is a term that reflects individuals who currently have a job but intend
to leave their current job if there is a promising new job. The second
dimension, namely, organizational commitment is a condition that describes how
far the people of Kabupaten Bogor choose to stay and involve themselves in an
association of farmers such as "Farmers Group", “Farmers Group
Association” or “Association”. The third dimension, namely, intrinsic job
satisfaction is a condition that encourages a person or society to excel
because of job satisfaction. Intrinsic job satisfaction for the people of
Kabupaten Bogor, especially those who work as farmers, will find job
satisfaction and can encourage them to innovate in agriculture when they feel
comfortable or comfortable in working in agriculture. This feeling will
encourage people to be more productive, create new innovations in the field of
agriculture they are involved in, produce superior seed varieties and
ultimately get maximum yields. The fourth dimension is, job involvement of the
Kabupaten Bogor community can be referred to as self-involvement in the field
of work that is currently being carried out. In this point, the job involvement
measured in the people of Kabupaten Bogor is community involvement in the
agricultural sector. The higher the involvement of the community in
agriculture, the more the community identifies itself in agriculture and
considers farming as a very important job in their life. The fifth dimension,
namely, organization based self-esteem in the community in Kabupaten Bogor is
the ability of the community to assess itself in terms of organizational
abilities such as in farmer groups or in combined farmer groups or GAPOKTAN.
Based on the results of a survey of farmers in Kabupaten Bogor, it was
found that some farmers thought that having a high level of education was not
important to work as a farmer. The majority of farmers follow farmer groups
with a percentage of Strongly Agree 52.22 percent. Farmers' satisfaction in
working in the agricultural sector is high and most farmers feel happy and
satisfied with their work in the agricultural sector.
Personal attributes are everything related to the
individual personally. Personal attributes can be individual characteristics,
such as gender, age, education, and skills. Personal attributes can also be
individual conditions, such as health, physical abilities, and mental
abilities. In this study, personal attributes have an influence on the welfare
of farmers in Kabupaten Bogor, to find out how much influence these personal
attributes have, this research uses 5 (five) conceptual points in the
hypothesis. The five points that affect personal attributes include;
Extraversion, intelligence (agreeableness), conscientiousness, neuroticism and
openness. According to a survey conducted in Kabupaten Bogor, most farmers feel
less confident in carrying out their agricultural tasks. The majority of
farmers have good communication skills and are full of enthusiasm.
According to Arifin and Bahri (2019) in improving the performance of farmers, it is
very important to pay attention to the evaluation of farmer performance. In
this case, participation of farmers in assessing their own performance can
provide many benefits. Farmers can gain a better understanding of their
strengths and weaknesses, and can take steps to improve their future
performance. In addition, allowing farmers to evaluate their own performance
can increase their involvement in the decision-making process
and give them a sense of ownership of their produce. Welfare is a
condition of fulfilling the main needs of a family that must be achieved
according to the standard of living. The low farm income compared to household
income will affect the decline in the quality of life of farmers.
CONCLUSION
The distribution of Agrarian Reform in Kabupaten
Bogor is quite even and provides opportunities for residents in various
villages to own agricultural land. The distribution of soil types in the
agrarian reform program in Kabupaten Bogor is divided into two categories,
namely paddy fields and dry land. The number of family members beneficiaries of
agrarian reform has an average of around 3-4 people with a standard deviation
of 1.3. According to BPS data for 2019, almost half (49.41%) of poor households
depend on the agricultural sector for their livelihood. Based on the results of
a field survey for the reform asset category, from the three data collected,
only one is included in the valid category, namely the status of agricultural
land ownership affects the welfare of farmers. Social capital is related to
cooperation in a society to achieve a better quality of life supported by
values and norms as the main elements including trust, reciprocity and
collective rules. The influence of spirituality on the welfare of farmers in
Kabupaten Bogor is very important to have. Based on the results of a survey of
farmers in Kabupaten Bogor, it was found that some farmers thought that having
a high level of education was not important to work as a farmer. Personal
attributes are everything related to the individual personally. Personal
attributes can be individual characteristics, such as gender, age, education,
and skills. Personal attributes can also be individual conditions, such as
health, physical abilities, and mental abilities. In this study, personal
attributes have an influence on the welfare of farmers in Kabupaten Bogor, to
find out how much influence these personal attributes have, this research uses
5 (five) conceptual points in the hypothesis. The five points that affect
personal attributes include; Extraversion, intelligence (agreeableness),
conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness. According to a survey conducted in
Kabupaten Bogor, most farmers feel less confident in carrying out their
agricultural duties. The majority of farmers have good communication skills and
are full of enthusiasm. so in this study using 5
(five) conceptual points in the hypothesis. The five points that affect
personal attributes include; Extraversion, intelligence (agreeableness), conscientiousness,
neuroticism and openness. According to a survey conducted in Kabupaten Bogor,
most farmers feel less confident in carrying out their agricultural duties. The
majority of farmers have good communication skills and are full of enthusiasm. so in this study using 5 (five) conceptual points in the
hypothesis. The five points that affect personal attributes include;
Extraversion, intelligence (agreeableness), conscientiousness, neuroticism and
openness. According to a survey conducted in Kabupaten Bogor, most farmers feel
less confident in carrying out their agricultural duties. The majority of
farmers have good communication skills and are full of enthusiasm.
Arifin, A.,
& Bahri, S. (2019). Penguatan Kelembagaan Ketahanan
Pangan di Kota Parepare. Jurnal Pangadereng, 2(12), 162–174.
Bernstein, H.
(2019). Dinamika kelas dalam perubahan
agraria. INSISTPress.
Chen, H., Wang,
J., & Huang, J. (2014). Policy support, social capital, and
farmers’ adaptation to drought in China. Global Environmental Change, 24,
193–202.
da Silva O. R.
C., Albuquerque, U. P., da Silva, T. L. L., Júnior, W. S. F., da Silva Chaves,
L., & de Lima Araújo, E. (2017). Religiousness/spirituality do not
necessarily matter: Effect on risk perception and adaptive strategies in the
semi-arid region of NE Brazil. Global Ecology and Conservation, 11,
125–133.
Davydova, I.,
& Franks, J. R. (2006). Responses to agrarian reforms in
Russia: Evidence from Novosibirsk oblast. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(1),
39–54.
de Krom, M. P.
M. M. (2017). Farmer participation in
agri-environmental schemes: Regionalisation and the role of bridging social
capital. Land Use Policy, 60, 352–361.
Haridison, A.
(2013). Modal sosial dalam pembangunan. JISPAR:
Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Pemerintahan, 4, 31–40.
Kamau, G. W.,
& Owano, A. (2018). The Role of Libraries in the
achievement of sustainable development goals in Kenya.
Krejcie, R. V,
& Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research
activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3),
607–610.
Martua, S.
(2010). Modal sosial masyarakat dalam gerakan
pembangunan swadaya rakyat (Gerbang Swara) di Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Mazur, A.,
Pisarski, A., Chang, A., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2014). Rating defence major project success:
The role of personal attributes and stakeholder relationships. International
Journal of Project Management, 32(6), 944–957.
Midgley, J.
(1995). Pembangunan sosial: perspektif
pembangunan dalam kesejahteraan sosial. Direktorat Perguruan Tinggi Agama
Islam.
Midgley, J. O.
(1995). Social development. Social
Development, 1–208.
Midgley, J.,
& Tang, K. (2001). Introduction: Social policy, economic
growth and developmental welfare. International Journal of Social Welfare,
10(4), 244–252.
Prentice, C.,
Chen, J., & Wang, X. (2019). The influence of product and personal
attributes on organic food marketing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer
Services, 46, 70–78.
Vista, B. M.,
Nel, E., & Binns, T. (2012). Land, landlords and sustainable
livelihoods: The impact of agrarian reform on a coconut hacienda in the
Philippines. Land Use Policy, 29(1), 154–164.
Wang, W., Zhao,
X., Li, H., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Will social capital affect farmers’
choices of climate change adaptation strategies? Evidences from rural
households in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Journal of Rural Studies,
83, 127–137.