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Eduvest –
Journal of Universal Studies Volume 3 Number 3, March, 2023 p- ISSN 2775-3735-
e-ISSN 2775-3727 |
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ANALYSIS OF GREEN OPEN SPACE NEEDS IN PEKANBARU CITY BASED ON THE THERMAL
COMFORT INDEX "THI" |
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Umara Hasmarani Rizqiyah*, Nizar
Nasrullah, Bambang Sulistyantara Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia |
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ABSTRACT |
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In 2017 the
Mayor of Pekanbaru issued a Letter of Interest in
Participating in the Green City Development Program (P2HK). In the letter, it
is said that Pekanbaru is ready to fulfill the
mandate of law number 26 of 2007. The purpose of this study is to determine
and analyze the need for green open space based on the thermal comfort index.
The study of this RTH is located in Pekanbaru City,
Riau Province. The research tools used consist of hard work (Hardwere) and software (Softwere)
which function to retrieve and process data. The hardwere
used are; laptops, stationery, mobile phones, GPS, and digital hygrometers.
The softwere used are ArcMap 10.3, R Studio, Mr.
Word, Mr. Excel, AutoCad, and Photoshop
applications. The conclusion obtained is that the area in Pekanbaru
is still a lot of green, but in some districts it has a very minimal RTH and
is not balanced with other land cover and the districts that are the priority
for the next RTH are in Pekanbaru Kota district, Sukajadi, and also Sail District, while for the districts
that are not a priority are the East Rumbai
district, Rumbai
Barat, and the Tenayan Raya area, but because
according to the Pekanbaru City RTRW in 2020-2040
the area will be for industrial areas and also residential areas must be
carefully planned, especially for city RTH. The most effective addition of
green coverage to achieve comfort with a THI value of 26.2 which is 46% at
every 62,500m 2 |
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KEYWORDS |
Green City, open space, development |
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This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International |
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INTRODUCTION
In 2017 the Mayor of Pekanbaru issued a Letter of
Interest in Participating in the Green City Development Program (P2HK). In the
letter, it is said that Pekanbaru is ready to fulfill
the mandate of law number 26 of 2007. The city government will form a self-management
team for the implementation of activities, and is ready to issue a regional
budget for implementation and is ready to prepare a Green City Action Plan
(RAKH) (Pekanbaru Mayor's Letter 760 / PUPR / 58), on
the website of creation works regarding the P2HK concept, one of its attributes
is Green open space.
In the expedition to develop the protected area of Pekanbaru City until 2015, there has been a change of land use for protected areas
into built-up areas such as settlements, trade, industry, plantations, and
shrubs. This protected area is a secondary forest. The shift in the presence of
RTH in Pekanbaru City can make Pekanbaru
City uncomfortable, one of which is indicated by the high temperature in Pekanbaru City reaching 34 o C- 35oC (Noer et al. 2015) , the construction of shop houses
(shophouses) (Riatno and Mashur 2017) then there was also an increase in the construction
of houses and housing complexes (Fitri, 2011). Pekanbaru City is also experiencing the
development of a transportation system, especially transportation in the
growing 4.0 era (Badri 2019).
The temperature in Pekanbaru City has the
potential to continue to increase due to daily urban and human activities that
produce carbon dioxide (Suryansayah 2019). From BMKG data in
March 2022, the air temperature is quite high because the sun is at the equator
followed by changes in wind patterns. The air temperature reaches 33.8°C to
34.0°C, in addition to that, Riau Province is currently entering a transition
period with a tendency to decrease rainfall intensity (BMKG Pekanbaru (29/3/2022)), a gar does not have
the same fate as other cities that lack RTH, the Mayor of Pekanbaru
changed the concept of development from building a Inner City Park to building a City In a Park. This
concept change is carefully prepared to achieve a green city-based Pekanbaru City. Determination of Green Open Space can be
done by using remote sensing methods with the help of image data to calculate
the temperature and areas that are the next RTH priority.
The purpose of this
study is to find the next priority area for green area
development and calculate the most optimal
area for the development of green
areas in Pekanbaru
City that can provide thermal comfort.
This research can later be an input and advice for the city government
in adding green areas.
Noer Aini et al. 2015 and Lina et al. 2019 who examined the thermal comfort of the people of Pekanbaru
City, mentioned that the THI
value index for thermal comfort is
26.20, which is at the limit threshold Quite Comfortable, this is what
will be the benchmark of the area of RTH that the city must meet for its people.
RESEARCH
METHOD
The study of this RTH is located in Pekanbaru
City, Riau Province. The research tools used consist of hard work (Hardwere)
and software (Softwere)
which function to retrieve and process data. The hardwere
used are; laptops, stationery, mobile phones, GPS, and digital hygrometers. The
softwere used are ArcMap 10.3, R Studio, Mr. Word,
Mr. Excel, AutoCad, and Photoshop applications. The
research time, namely from February
2022 to August 2022, starts from taking Citra data, taking data from related
agencies, and processing and writing
research drafts.
Data collection
Primary data collection is using the USGS website to
obtain Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS Image data and also direct survey data
in the field with different types of land cover of at least 40 points (Danoedoro 2015).
Secondary data are administrative maps
and City RTRW from Pekanbaru City
PUPR, and also thermal comfort threshold values from literature
sources.
Data processing
This research continues from research (Rizqiyah et al. 2022)
regarding areas that are a priority for Green Open Space in Pekanbaru City,
Pekanbaru City to create a City in a Park, so it must improve the quality of
RTH in the city. The laying of the RTH location should also not only be placed,
and the districts that are the priority for the next RTH are in Pekanbaru Kota,
Sukajadi, and also Sail districts, while for districts that are not a priority
are the East Rumbai, West Rumbai, and Tenayan Raya areas, but because according
to the Pekanbaru City RTRW in 2020-2040 the area will be for industrial areas
and also residential areas must be carefully planned, especially for city RTH.
This study explains the amount of additional Green Open Space that is suitable for achieving
thermal comfort in Pekanbaru City.
Green Area Needs
The effect of Green Open Space on temperature drops. In analyzing this
relationship, it uses a 250m x 250m grid where the bound variables are Broad,
and the free variables, the value of ESG, Air Temperature, Humidity, and THI
values taken from the average t point so that the influence of the area value
on the decrease in temperature can be obtained by conducting a simple
regression analysis with the linear regression equation model as follows:
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y = α + βx |
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Information:
Y = THI value (dependent)
X = Green Area Area (independent)
α = Constants
β = Regression coefficient (slope)
With a picking point , namely a grid
of 250 m x 250 m (Liong, 2021) with different land cover.
Figure 1 Comparison Grid
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Identify Priority
Areas Of Open Space Hijau
Rizqiyah et al. 2022, in their research
mentioned the priority areas for RTH development after an overlay analysis to
get a score, where what was added up were the NDVI, ESG values, air
temperature, humidity and, and THI values. The lowest score value is the most
priority area for the development of green areas.
Figure
2 RTH Priority
Source: Rizqiyah et al. 2022
Regression and Correlation Results
250 m x 250 m grid to determine
the most effective area for determining the area that lowers the temperature. The area taken consists of
several land covers,
where plantations and forests become
areas of vegetation, water bodies, and also non-vegetation areas , namely built-up and
vacant land.
z_Luas
Figure
3 Heatmap Grid
To achieve thermal
comfort THI 26.2, regression is
carried out on the value of the
canopy area and also the
THI value of each point in the
grid.
Figure
4 Regression of RTH and THI Area Values
So to achieve comfort
the THI value
of 26.2 requires an additional canopy area of 46% every 62,500m², or 29,000m².
Green Area Development Priorities
To identify the priority areas of RTH, scoring is carried out where the
summed values are NDVI, ESG, Air Temperature, Humidity and THI values.
Figure
5 RTH Priority
RTH priorities are in Pekanbaru Kota, Sukajadi, Senapelan and also Sail
districts. Meanwhile, the districts that are not a priority are the East Rumbai, West Rumbai, and Tenayan Raya areas.
According to the Pekanbaru City RTRW for
2020-2040, the Tenayan Raya area and the Rumbai sub-district area will be even though it is not
currently a priority area for RTH but will become an industrial area and also
for settlements, so it must be prepared early for its green area so that Pekanbaru's dream of becoming a City in the Park can be
realized.
Table 1 Canopy Area Needs
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District Name |
Pekanbaru
City |
Sukajadi |
Sail |
Senapelan |
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District
Area (m²) |
2260000 |
3760000 |
3260000 |
6650000 |
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Existing RTH
(m²) |
48156 |
28901 |
69229 |
38115 |
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Jumalah
Grid |
36.16 |
60.16 |
52.16 |
106.4 |
|
Minimum Area
of Each Grid (46%) |
29000 |
29000 |
29000 |
29000 |
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The Overall
Area of the Canopy |
1048640 |
1744640 |
1512640 |
3085600 |
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Area Less
Canopy |
1000484 |
1715739 |
1443411 |
3047485 |
|
Percent
Addition |
44% |
76% |
64% |
135% |
The results of the
regression analysis of the need for green areas in accordance with the THI
value of the people of Pekanbaru City to achieve
comfort of 26.2 require an increase in canopy area to reach 46% every 62,500m², or
29,000m². The expansion of the RTH area can be divided into, various
kinds, one of which is the addition of RTH road sections, then can be used on
the rooftop, vertical garden, and especially in the central green area offices and shopping.
Pekanbaru City Green Open
Space Planning Recommendations
To improve the quality and quantity of RTH in Pekanbaru City, here
are some theories that can be suggestions for the development of RTH in
the middle of a city with a
densely populated area, by notarizing the
area shaded can lower the temperature by 0.33 o C-0.84 oC and
this will later affect the humidity of the air, by multiplying the type of vegetation it will increase the ability to bind water (Broom et al. 2010) . Increasing the percentage of open areas and
minimizing built-up areas in kators and shopping areas
is also effective in lowering surface temperatures (Bernatzky
1978) and by replacing pavements with
paving the block will have the best water
catchment system (Andini, 2016),
by reducing the number of paved areas
also reducing the heat effect
because there is a negative relationship between the area of RTH and
surface temperature (Vargas-Hernández et al. 2018) . Walls covered with plants can also lower surface
temperatures (Pérez-Urrestarazu et
al. 2015) . The high temperature is caused by CO pollutants, so it is
necessary for plants that have a high ability to absorb CO, namely the tree
species is the Ganitri plant type (Elaeocarpus
sphaericus), the shrub type is Iriansis
(Impatien sp), and the
Philodendron bush type (Philodendron sp) (Kusminingrum, 2008). Marginal heat reduction increases when roof
greening coverage is higher than 40%, and should be the minimum value for roof
greening especially in densely populated areas (Zhuang and Zhongming 2021).
CONCLUSION
The area of the next RTH location must have a
clear goal, for example, the RTH must be able to increase the thermal comfort
of the community, then what must be improved is the quantity and quality of the
RTH. There are still many areas in Pekanbaru that are
green, but in some districts have very minimal RTH and are not balanced with
other land cover and the districts that are the priority for the next RTH are
in Pekanbaru Kota, Sukajadi,
and also Sail districts, while for districts that are not a priority are East Rumbai, West Rumbai
districts, and the Tenayan
Raya area, but because according to the Pekanbaru
City RTRW in 2020-2040 the area will be for industrial areas and also
residential areas must be carefully planned, especially for city RTH. The
addition of green coverage is the most effective way to achieve comfort with a
THI value of 26.2 which is 46% at every 62,500m 2.
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