Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies Volume 3 Number 3, March, 2023 p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727

THE PROCESS OF REFORMING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT WITH THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT FOR INDONESIA’S ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Sri Wahyuni Universitas Islam Riau, Indonesia Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Access to information and public participation are essential building blocks for sustainable development, preparing citizen to become informed decision markers, offering a basis for stimulating creative solutions to environmental, social and developmental problems, and providing a foundation for building consensus on critical priorities. Governments and institutional governed by transparency, openness, accountability and community participation are more capable of reconciling the needs of present and future generations, of balancing private and public interests, and harmonizing economic development with social and environmental needs. The study aims to find out the process of reforming of environmental aspect with the sustainable management for indonesia’s environmental law. Thus, improved access to information and participation in decision-making will more likely lead to overall sustainable development. All of these developments relate to a more general trend towards promoting “good governance”. All attempts to define the notion of good governance include the elements of transparency, participation, and accountability. Transparency and public participation are the basis for elaborating and working towards more sustainable. Transparency lets the sun shine on actions of governments, and expose protectionism, corruption and other problems arising in conjunction with foreign. Transparency and public participation form the basis for an informed discussion as to how to address challenges relating to the intersection between economic developments on the one hand and social aspects and environmental protection on the other.
KEYWORDS	Environmental Law, Environmental, Sustainable Development
	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

INTRODUCTION

In 2000, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) determined that Indonesia's total forest area was 3.8 billion hectares. Even though a study in 1980 identified that there were still 9.8 billion forests. Based on this decade alone, the rate of destruction was nearly 100 million hectares per year, and that is around 0.2 percent of the total forest cover (FAO, 2001) and now, almost 20 years later, FAO released the latest data on Indonesia's forests in 2020, which is as much as 99 Million (FAO, 2020).

Forest loss had many different causes such as the growth of local population groups, local environmental influences and national political directions for agriculture and land use. In particular, the economic use of forests for timber production and international demand for timber and wood products were the main reasons for forest loss worldwide. 350 million world people depend on the existence of forests to live their lives, based on data from FAO and UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) listed in The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people.

As much as 10 percent of all tropical forests in the world grow in Southeast Asia. Indonesia hosted about 5 percent or half of this forest type in this region. Southeast Asia is densely populated and consequently also has a relatively high deforestation rate of -1 percent to -1.2 percent per year. According to FAO, Indonesia produced 31.4 million cubic meters of wood in 2000 and currently 26 Oct 2022 — FAO released Timber Consumption Estimated to Reach 3.1 Billion M3 in 2030.

According to a study by Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) during the period 2004-2010, stated losses due to logging in Indonesia reached IDR 169.7 trillion. Such a large value was obtained from calculating the shortfall in state revenue from the land and building tax sector as well as a number of permits and royalties. In tropical countries, logging accounts for more than half of all logging, but in the most vulnerable countries it was about one third of total forest loss. More than half of logging might had been carried out illegally in the most vulnerable forest areas (ibid). Not only the loss of the forest itself, but also criminal acts of enormous proportions, which particularly affect Indonesia with its valuable tropical forests.

Indonesia had experienced an inconsistent system of manifold changes since roughly the middle of the last century. Since the fall of Suharto in 1998, Indonesia had been in the process of reforming the environment and forests to date. Thirty-two years of the Suharto government's focus on economic growth had left the archipelago with many acute problems. Indonesia was currently faced with three pressing environmental problems, including: increasing destruction of natural resources, especially tropical forests, and extreme air pollution. The level of this destruction was increasing: through legal and illegal logging, clearing of plantations and agricultural land, and destructive forest fires. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics between 1.8 million and 1.9 million hectares of forest are currently destroyed in Indonesia each year (FAO, 2005). However, on Wednesday 3 March 2021, according to the Minister of Environment and Forestry, monitoring of forests and deforestation was carried out on all of Indonesia's land area of 187 million hectares, both inside forest areas and outside forest areas, and based on adjustments to the Indonesian Topographical Map (RBI) contained in the One Map Policy program (KSP). This monitoring was carried out using satellite imagery provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (LAPAN) and visually identified by technical interpreters from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) spread throughout Indonesia. The results of monitoring Indonesia's forests for 2020 showed that the total area of forested land throughout Indonesia was 95.6 million ha or 50.9 million of the total land area, of which 92.5 million of the total forested area or 88.4 million ha was within forest areas. For information, net deforestation in 2019-2020 both inside and outside Indonesia's forest areas was 115.5 thousand ha. This figure came from the gross deforestation rate of 119.1 thousand ha minus the reforestation rate (result of monitoring satellite imagery) of 3.6 thousand ha. The highest area of deforestation occurred in the secondary forest class, namely 104.4 thousand ha, of which 58.1% or 60.64 thousand ha was inside the forest area and the remaining 43.7 thousand ha or 41.9 thousand outside the forest area.

As a comparison, the results of monitoring Indonesia's forests in 2019 showed that net deforestation in 2018-2019 both inside and outside Indonesian forest areas was 462.5 thousand ha, which came from a gross deforestation rate of 465.5 thousand ha minus reforestation (monitoring results of satellite imagery) of 3 thousand ha. By taking into account the results of monitoring in 2020 and 2019, it could be seen that in terms of Indonesia's net deforestation in 2019-2020 there has been a decrease of 75.0% as well as gross deforestation decreased by 74.4%. If we look at deforestation trends based on previous data, this year's reduction in Indonesia's forests was relatively low and tends to be stable. This shows that the various efforts made by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry recently have shown significant results (ibid).

Although Indonesia has had legal regulations for environmental protection since 1982, their implementation and supervision is inadequate for various reasons. Thus, environmental legislation could be characterized as inadequate and confusing, and there seems to be a certain determinism and lack of transparency in the implementation of Agenda 21, and the action program of the 1992 Rio environment conference, which obliged us to integrate environmental aspects into all areas of policy and to pursue sustainability policies, it was subject to high levels of economic conflict of interest, which makes sustainability more difficult.

Outer island forests such as Sumatra and Kalimantan were gradually converted into plantations and agricultural land to increase rubber and palm oil yields and this occurred during the New Order government (1970-1998). The New Order government's centralized and top-down model of development, which largely relied on the exploitation of natural resources, has sided with the interests of individual groups within the state apparatus and private entrepreneurs who are especially closely related to it, and has destroyed the form of the economy existing locales that are more strongly oriented towards circular models. Protection of the environment and resources run counter to the economic interests of these elites and sometimes goes unnoticed, but in many cases is deliberately neglected.

Indonesia's forests are home to millions of people who depend on them. Indonesia's forest ecosystems and their species are rapidly disappearing. The catastrophic fire in 1982 was estimated to have destroyed more than 3 million hectares. These fires were used to create land for planting oil palm, pulp and paper and agriculture. In 1997-1998, an estimated ten million hectares of land in Indonesia were damaged or destroyed by fires (FAO, 2001).

Economic losses due to forest fires in 1997-1998 recorded as a result of this disaster reached 10 billion dollars. Similar to the 1982-1983 forest fire incidents, another impact in the form of haze was felt in neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. The 1997 forest fire left various tragic records to this day. This fire is the worst event in the history of forest fires in Indonesia. It was known; at that time nearly 11 million hectares of forest land burned and caused thick smoke haze which caused many losses to the community, both domestically and abroad (https://rimbakita.com/kebakaran-hutan-1997). The impact of the catastrophic forest fires in 1997 was estimated at US$ 4.47 billion. This loss was mostly experienced by Indonesia. This figure does not include losses that are difficult to assess in terms of money, such as loss of life, long-term illness and loss of biodiversity. An estimated 0.81 to 2.57 gigatonnes of carbon were released into the atmosphere when the fire occurred. This amount represents 13% to 50% of annual carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. Meanwhile, according to the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) estimates that the total loss reached US$6 billion or around 80.43 trillion rupiah (ibid).

Following an economic crisis in Indonesia in 1998, forest depletion turned into severe deforestation due to massive illegal logging. An inability to enforce the laws, together with collective pressure from local communities during this crisis, marked the decline in the state’s dominance and power with respect to forest governance; It is argued that in the specific case of environmental policy the initial assignment of rights will seriously affect the final allocation of resources (Alessandra, 2005). This situation highlighted the increasing pressure on the state to take the voices of other stakeholders into account and to change the existing ineffective governance. Pressure from the other stakeholders, including local communities, university scholars, and local Non-government Organizations (NGOs), led to the formation of a new social forestry program in 2001 (Jamhuri, 2008) and population density is a positive predictor of “pro-environment” votes.

Fire have attracted interest and generated alarm since early 1980s. This concern has been particularly evident in tropical forests of Southeast Asia and the Amazon, but disastrous fires in recent summers in Australia, Europe, and the United States have drawn worldwide attention. There remains a lack of clarity about ‘fire problems’, which has, at times, led to the adoption of policies that may have negative impacts on livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Two ‘simple’ changes in the way fires are considered would significantly improve fire-related policies and initiatives (Tasconi, 2007), present relatively detailed accounts of biodiversity and the need to adopt conservation strategies to protect it. However, social and health impacts are only superficially addressed. The economic sustainability of the operation over multiple cycles is not demonstrated (Evaldice, 2000). First, fires should be seen as a component of land management processes, rather than as a ‘problem’ to be prevented, suppressed, or mitigated; second, not all fires are same.

International environmental law as a whole is adapting to exogenous changes through an institutional process akin to natural selection in biological evolution. However, the adequacy of the direction and rate of adaptation for the purpose of safeguarding the integrity of Earth’s life-support system is questioned (Rakhyun, 2014). The forest sector plays a significant role in the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the earth’s atmosphere, and has a potential to play and even bigger through GHG emission reduction on and/or increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂). The study aims to find out the process of reforming of environmental aspect with the sustainable management for indonesia’s environmental law.

RESEARCH METHOD

A qualitative research approach is used in this study (Creswell, 2016). A group of researchers in the social sciences, including science education, frequently use and implement qualitative research as a scientific method. A number of other reasons were advanced, the most important of which was that qualitative research enhances the findings of quantitative research. Implemented qualitative research to increase knowledge through comprehension and discovery. The qualitative research approach is a process of investigation and comprehension based on a method that investigates a social phenomenon and a human problem.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The tropical hardwood products exported from tropical countries since 1986 represented only 3 percent of total timber extraction in developing countries. However, most of these exports come from the rainforests of a small number of tropical countries, where they account for a very large proportion of timber extraction represent. This was particularly the case in the eastern tropics. And now, Indonesia's export performance for wood products grew positively in 2020, amounting to USD 3 billion. This sector showed an increase of 4.94 percent compared to the previous year, which was USD 2.87 billion. The export volume of wood products in 2020 also increased by 6.76 percent compared to the previous year (BPS, 2020).

Due to annual growth and over-exploitation, the Southeast Asia-Pacific region has since the early 1970's replaced Africa, which shipped significant amounts of timber to Western Europe during the 1950's and early 1960's, as the main tropical timber supplier. Most of the wood comes from entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia, especially from Malaysia and Indonesia, where the forests have already been largely depleted. And now, in the ranking of the world's largest timber exports, in 2016, Indonesia was ranked 13th in the world's timber exports. In that value, Indonesia contributes 1.5% of the figure, which is US$1.7 billion for total timber exports, which is US$124 billion. This is assessed from the total value of Indonesia's meubel exports to the rest of the world, the majority of which are European countries and Arab countries. Despite experiencing a rapid increase, Indonesia is still outnumbered by neighboring countries, namely Vietnam by US $ 4 billion, while Malaysia is US $ 2.4 billion, from the results obtained Indonesia only exports wood as raw material and not too much in finished or ready materials. widely used by the public, for example furniture, household property equipment, etc.

The dominance of exports of finished wood and raw materials is led by China with a value of US$ 60 billion per year, this is due to the natural resources which have a higher value and the selling value of their export goods is higher than most in Indonesia, the mass workforce that cheaper and strong government export subsidies make it easier for private parties to compete in terms of price and quality, where the European side prioritizes quality at a higher price, China puts forward prices that are more affordable for the public and are determined masse from the sale and purchase agreement This occurs between importers and exporters, so that directly most exporters from China indirectly agree on market prices that will already be listed on their import markets.

Products labeled from China also have basic ingredients from Indonesia, even the Indonesian state also supplies a lot of raw materials to China for the needs of large industrial and home industries, it's just that the processing of raw materials there is a little more advanced than what is in Indonesia. The Indonesian Minister of Home Affairs, targets to be able to penetrate the figure of US$ 5 billion per year for total timber exports in Indonesia, and begins to focus on finished product products and export materials that can be directly used by the general public market, so they can have a higher general selling value Higher than the original.

The growing demand in industrialized countries and the growing need in emerging countries since the mid-1970s led to a rapid increase in tropical timber imports from the early 1960s to 1984. The reason for the growing of the industrialized countries was the general reconstruction after the Second World War and the subsequent phase of economic growth. At the same time, timber exports from the traditional supplier countries of Eastern Europe became scarce. This resulted in a significant increase in the price of European wood, making tropical wood competitive. Since tropical wood also proved to be technically superior to European wood for some purposes, beech, which had been commonly used up to then, was pushed back (FAO, 2001).

The current environmental situation in Indonesia can be described as very critical. The severe deficit in observing environmental laws has led to serious environmental pollution such as air pollution and sewage and waste problems in the metropolitan areas. Water resources, inland waterways and groundwater, are acutely endangered by industrial and chemical pollution and the use of chemicals in agriculture. Other ecological challenges are deforestation, soil erosion, destruction of biodiversity and the impact of global environmental problems, especially climate change. The decentralization legislation that came into force in 2001 was the right step for the government and is beneficial for all areas. In terms of environmental protection, however, the realignment of state administration came far too quickly and has plunged Indonesia into a period of environmental chaos as the law has increased the risk of unregulated use of natural resources. In the course of decentralization, local governments have been given the right to administer their regions themselves. However, in order to properly assess the current environmental situation in Indonesia, one has to look back at the last thirty years. In the early years of the Suharto New Order, the major challenge was to transform Indonesia from a backward agrarian state to an advanced industrial nation. Economic expansion was thus given top priority at the expense of the environment.

In 1982 the government adopted a general legal framework for the protection of the environment, so called Environmental Law Number 4 Year 1982. This regulation was initially seen as a major step to respect the environment and included all the environmental destruction related aspect, but it was basically unenforceable because it contained no provisions empowering and definitions. However, under these laws was to protect the environment was a further milestone in environmental regulations. The worsening of the ecological crisis required a new method of treatment of the topic and made it relevant to a legitimate area for government. In September 1997 an Environmental Law Number 23 Year 1997 was passed which abolished the previous one from 1982 and extended in several crucial points. The previously separate laws have been brought together in this new law (Wahyuni, 2012).

And now, Indonesia has a new Environmental Law Number 32 Year 2009, which contains that:

a. The good environment and healthy is the right of every citizen Indonesia, as mandated in Article 28H of the Constitution of the Republic Indonesia Year 1945,

b. That the national economic development as mandated by the Act Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 organized on the principle sustainable development and environment.

c. That the spirit of regional autonomy in governance of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia has brought changes relationship and authority between the Governments and local government, including in the field protection and environmental management.

d. That environmental quality increasing decline has threatened the survival life of humans and living things other so that should be protected and environmental management and consistently by all stakeholders interest.

e. That global warming is increasingly thus resulting in climate change exacerbate the decline in environmental quality because it is necessary for the protection and environmental management.

f. That in order to ensure legal certainty and provide protection for the rights each person to get the environment. A good and healthy life as part of protection of the entire ecosystem, necessary reform of Law Number 23 Year 1997 regarding Environmental Management.

g. Upon consideration of referred to in letter a, b, c, d, and f, it is necessary to form Act on the Protection and Environmental Management.

The tropical rainforest is often characterized as particularly “old” ecosystem. The tropical rainforest, a unique ecosystem on Earth, are estimated at 130-150 million years old. They represent enormous carbon reservoirs and play a fundamental role in the stability of the global climate, the rainfall, the temperature, and especially for the carbon dioxide cycle. They also accommodate fifty to seventy percent of all animal and plant species that occur on Earth. With the tropical rainforests are thus simultaneously the storage chambers of the devastated earth, which could provide a future for growing human commodities of all kinds, medicine and new food plants (World Bank, 2010)

The forest is an ecosystem over long periods of time-several thousand to several million-resulting, complex interacting systems of living communities of plants and animals (biological community) and their habitat (biotope). It stands in a dynamic equilibrium in which member this particular system, though often unknown, function fulfilled. The permanent function of an ecosystem requires the maintenance of this equilibrium. Forests are home, even though they cover only about 30% of the landmass of the earth, more animal and plant species and contribute more to the emergence of the new species in than any other ecosystem.

The conservation of biodiversity is of particular importance. The forests belong to the oceans of the most important for the survival of humanity and the Earth’s ecosystems. They play an extremely important role in the biogeochemical cycles of the atmosphere, for example in the carbon, nitrogen and oxygen circulation and thus have a decisive influence on the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Forests contribute to climate regulation and water balance are most involved and circulation. They protect the soil from erosion, promote in the temperate and northern latitudes, soil formation, are a source of food and offer mankind many economic and social benefits.

It is impossible to separate the economy from the economy from natural resources and the environment. Ir is difficult to determine whether natural resources and the environment are part of the economy or conversely whether the economy is an element within the nature and the environment. People as well as other organism; interact with the nature and the environment in their daily activities, A national account requires to link natural resources and environmental dimension to economic dimensions, by treating the economy as part of the environmental accounting system. Environmental accounting could be used in the future to step up and monitor the maintenance of more effective environmental and resources utilization, so that the desired balance between environmental and economic objectives could be attained.

Natural resources and environmental accounting includes the calculation of all natural resources and environment, both used and not used in the production process. Natural resources and environmental accounting includes the calculation of stock reserve and natural changes of assets that have economic value.

In gaining a clear illustration of the economic purpose of natural resources accounting especially in its relationship to economic policy formulation and development planning, both monetary and physical accounting must be conducted. Due to the difficulties in finding a unit of measurement for all sectors or types of natural resources, the compilation of natural resources that are considered important and strategic.

Bartelmus in 1991 stated the system for integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) developed by the United Nations Statistical office includes for points:

1. An economic is system of National Account (SNA) which is closely linked to environmental aspects to show the monetary flow, and assets related to the natural environment.

2. Valuation of environmental use

3. Physical data concerning the flow of natural resources and environmental foods into the economy, as well as the waste flow of economic activity to the environment.

4. To describe natural resources and environmental as accurately as possible to evaluate their utilization impact on the economy.

The genesis of the concept of sustainable development is commonly reported to the 1987 Brundland Report, which contains the well-known definition of “sustainable development” as: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundland Report, 1987).

On the other side, however, it implies that no development can be considered to be “sustainable” if no “limits” are placed on the exploitation of the environmental resources in the name of economic development. In other words, development can be sustainable only if some “limits” are imposed upon it and if it does not pose an excessive burden on the capacity of the environment to sustain the human pressure, so as to permit a fair equitable satisfaction of the needs of the present and future generations (Sands, 2003).

In an era of increasing economic globalization, the traditional environmental and social challenges seem to have gained a new dimension which must be taken into account. However, pursuant to the Johannesburg Declaration, “the rapid integration of markets, mobility of capital and significant increase in investment flows around the world has opened new challenges and opportunities for the pursuant of sustainable development (Montini, 2008).

The basic and traditional definition of the principle of sustainable development was partially reviewed and updated at the Johannesburg Conference. In fact, the Johannesburg Political declaration underlines that the principle of sustainable development is based on three: interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars, namely ‘economic development, social development and environmental protection’, which must be collectively promoted and advanced at local, national, regional and global levels.

The complexity of the concept of sustainable development is well known. Due to its vagueness and often perceived irreconcilable nature of its basic pillars, namely the economic, environmental and social dimensions, the concepts of sustainable development is still denied the recognition of the status of a “legal principle” by most scholars and by the relevant practice of States, although this does not render its role less pivotal in contemporary international as well as national law.

From this analysis, all the main difficulties related to the recognition of the role of a legal principle to the concept of sustainable development, such as, first of all, the uncertainty as to its legal content as well as the absence of adequate criteria for its justifiability, are clearly outlined. Starting from this analysis, a similar through even more incisive approach was then proposed in a seminal article by Vaughan Lowe, which stated that the argument that sustainable development is a norm of customary international law, binding on and directing the conduct of States, and which can be applied by Tribunals, is not sustainable.

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972, having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment.

Both aspects of man’s environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to live itself. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of people and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desires of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.

In the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under development. Millions continue to live far below the minimum levels required for a decent human existence, deprived of adequate food and clothing, shelter and education, health and sanitation. Therefore, the developing countries must direct their efforts to development, bearing in mind their priorities and the need to safeguard and improve the environment. For the same purpose, the industrialized countries should make efforts to reduce the gap themselves and the developing countries. In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialization and technological development.

The natural growth pf population continuously presents problems for the preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. It is the people that propel social progress, create social wealth, develop science and technology and, through their hard work, continuously transform the human environmental. Along with social progress and the advance of production, science and technology, the capability of man to improve the environment increases with each passing day.

To develop and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and worldwide economic and social development. Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, by their values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environment of the future.

Local and national governments will be bearing the greatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within their jurisdictions. International cooperation is also needed in order to raise resources to support the developing countries in carrying out their responsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems, because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect they affect the common international realm, will require extensive (Wahyuni, 2011).

In such a context, the centrality of the more traditional objective of the protection of the environment as such seems likely to be gradually replaced by the more dynamic objective of the protection and sound management of natural resources intended as pre-requisites for economic and social development. In an era of increasing economic globalization, the traditional environmental and social challenges seem to have gained a new dimension which must be taken into account.

The concept is seen as addressing the parallel challenges of environmental degradation and social and economic and environmental goals. Twenty years on the importance of sustainable development is even more evidence, the task more urgent than ever. Recent debates about energy security and clean energy, the threat of global climate change, widespread poverty and the widening gap between rich and poor, the acceleration of biodiversity loss and other alarming trends only serve to underline the unchanged actually of the concept and the issues it seeks to address (Wahyuni, 2013).

CONCLUSION

Access to information and public participation are essential building blocks for sustainable development, preparing citizen to become informed decision markers, offering a basis for stimulating creative solutions to environmental, social and developmental problems, and providing a foundation for building consensus on critical priorities. Governments and institutional governed by transparency, openness, accountability and community participation are more capable of reconciling the needs of present and future generations, of balancing private and public interests, and harmonizing economic development with social and environmental needs. Thus, improved access to information and participation in decision-making will more likely lead to overall sustainable development (Sri Wahyuni, 2010).

Not only have access to information and participation been recognized as essential to achieving the goal of sustainable development, they have increasingly been recognized as human rights. All of these developments relate to a more general trend towards promoting “good governance”. All attempts to define the notion of good governance include the elements of transparency, participation, and accountability.

Transparency and public participation are the basis for elaborating and working towards more sustainable. Transparency lets the sun shine on actions of governments, and expose protectionism, corruption and other problems arising in conjunction with foreign. Transparency and public participation form the basis for an informed discussion as to how to address challenges relating to the intersection between economic developments on the one hand and social aspects and environmental protection on the other.

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