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Eduvest � Journal
of Universal Studies Volume 3 Number 1, January, 2023 p- ISSN
2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727 |
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THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PATTERN
SOUGHT TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY |
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Zumaeroh, Agus Prabawa, Siti Muntahanah, Tjahjani Murdijaningsih, Bagus Adhitya, Sodik Dwi Purnomo Universitas
Wijayakusuma Purwokerto,
Indonesia |
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ABSTRACT |
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Agriculture
is a sector that has the potential to be developed because it is a buffer for
food sovereignty. Therefore it is necessary to
change a new paradigm in agricultural development. Agricultural management is
not through a farming approach but is business-oriented. The younger
generation who are familiar with digital technology is the hope in the
regeneration of old farmers. To support the realization of food security,
young farmers known as millennial farmers need to be educated about
entrepreneurial patterns in agriculture or agripreneurship.
The method of community service carried out is counseling which begins with
the presentation of the material, continued with discusi,
and mentoring is carried out. The target group for community service is
millennial farmers in Kroya village who are members
of Karang Taruna. The number of participants was 35
people. Counseling is carried out face-to-face.� The result of this activity is that young
farmers understand that they can develop their business even better, so that
this farmer profession can become a decent livelihood for them |
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KEYWORDS |
millennial farmers;� agripreneurship; food sovereignty |
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This
work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 International |
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INTRODUCTION
Food security with the principle
of independence and sustainability must always be realized from time to time,
as a prerequisite for the sustainable existence of the Indonesian nation (Nadhira & Kurnia,
2020).
Efforts to realize food security are inseparable from the influence of
internal and external factors that continue to change dynamically. In the
implementation of food security, the role of provincial and regency/city
governments in realizing food security as mandated in Article 13 of
Government Regulation Number 68 of 2002 is to implement and be responsible for
the implementation of food security in their respective regions and encourage
community participation in the implementation of food security, through
entrepreneurship (Anwarudin
et al., 2020).
Food security is the availability
of food and the ability to access it. For example, a household has food
security if its inhabitants are not in a state of hunger or famine. The food
security assessment is divided into external dependencies that divide a series
of risk factors and individual resourcefulness or self-sufficiency.� The definition and paradigm of food security
has continued to evolve since the 1943
Conference of Food and Agriculture which proclaimed the concept of secure, adequate and suitable supply of
food for everyond'. The definition of food
security varies widely, but generally refers to the definition from the World
Bank (1986) and (Maxwell &
Frankenberger, 1992)
which is "everyone's access at all times to food sufficient for a healthy
life (secure access atall
times to sufiicientfoodfora healthy life).
The fulfillment of food with
sufficient availability conditions, defined as food availability in a broad
sense, includes food derived from plants, livestock, and fish to meet the needs
for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals and their derivatives,
which are beneficial for the growth of human health. The fulfillment of food
with safe conditions, is defined as being free from biological, chemical, and
other contamination that can interfere with, harm, and endanger human health,
and is safe from religious rules. The fulfillment of food with equitable
conditions, means food that must be available at all times and evenly
distributed throughout the country. The fulfillment of food with affordable
conditions, means that food is easy to obtain by households at affordable
prices.
Agriculture is a very prestigious
business sector, because it plays a very important role in providing food for
mankind. But apparently this does not automatically attract the attention of
the public, especially the younger generation to pursue the field of
agricultural business. The younger generation is starting to be unfamiliar with
agriculture, seen with the decreasing number of young people engaged in agriculture.
(Sembara, 2009) explained that there are several things that cause agriculture not to be
part of their future, including: (1) people are not familiar with agriculture
specifically, where people know agriculture is only a farming activity, (2)
there is still a negative stigma against agriculture, so parents tend to
prohibit their children from becoming a "farmer", (3) there is a
perception that farmers are synonymous with villages and poverty
(Nasution, 2013), explained that
nowadays it is difficult to invite young people to go directly into the world of
agriculture, extraordinary steps are needed to change the face of agriculture
so that young people can look at it again. Therefore, the rational step now
that can be taken is to optimize the existing farmers, namely by increasing the
competence of farmers so that they can optimize their production results. (McElwee, 2006) states that the development of farmer
entrepreneurship competencies can be a problem, because the development of
these competencies is more of an art than a science. Nevertheless,
entrepreneurship education is still very much needed by farmers in Indonesia.
Agriculture with very heterogeneous actors is certainly a challenge for the
process of teaching entrepreneurship to farmers.
(de Lauwere et al., 2004) in his research found that criticism, perseverance, leadership,
creativity, initiative, and market orientation positively influence
entrepreneurship in agriculture; While a passive attitude towards an advance
has a negative effect on development in agriculture. (Carter, 2003)
and also (McElwee, 2006), mentioned that nowadays agriculture
would be better if it was done by young people, because younger and better
trained farmers in business activities are more diverse, tend to have a
positive attitude towards new market opportunities, are more sensitive to
customer needs, and are better prepared to engage in new ventures.
Agriculture is one of the sectors
that has great potential to be developed because it is the main buffer for food
sovereignty. In addition, agricultural products are also suppliers of raw
materials for most industries. Therefore the future
development of agriculture should be business-oriented. The paradigm in
agricultural development in the future is no longer through a farming approach
but an agribusiness approach (Nasruddin et al., 2015). Agricultural development with an
agribusiness approach needs to change the way farmers think about farming. The
thinking pattern of agricultural actors is no longer subsistence agriculture
but modern agriculture. This can be done by educating farmers about agripreneurship
Agripreneurship refers to entrepreneurship in agriculture (GFRAS, 2021). Rahmawati (2018) in Jazilah
(2018) explained that agripreneurship is the
application of innovative entrepreneurial activities in the agricultural
industry. Agripreneurship actors are called agripreneurs, namely entrepreneurs who support and manage a
business in agriculture (Jazilah, 2018). Based on
this understanding, an agripreneur must be able to
create innovations, take risks, manage business companies, find solutions, and
make various breakthroughs in overcoming their business problems.
McElwee (2008) in (Mukti
et al., 2018)
identifies two types of farmers in terms of entrepreneurship. First, farmers as
farmers. In this group, business strategies are cost efficiency, price
maximization, still product-oriented, and not yet market-oriented. They are
still running a business individually and not yet in a group/community. Second,
farmers as entrepreneurs. In this group market opportunities are already being
exploited, and agricultural resources are already being utilized flexibly and
innovatively.
The ability to adopt technology
and innovate in the agricultural business quickly can be done by young farmers
or so-called millennial farmers (Rokhati
et al., 2022). But currently,
there is a decrease in the interest of the younger generation to enter the
world of agriculture. The younger generation prefers to run businesses outside
the agricultural sector. This condition, if left unchecked, will affect
people's food availability and food sovereignty. Meanwhile, (Nugraha et al., 2016)
explained that food security and self-sufficiency are concepts that
dominate the government's food policy.
Based on data from the Ministry
of Agriculture, it is known that currently the number of Indonesian farmers
reaches 33.4 million people. The number of older generations (91%) with an age
close to 50 years to 60 years. This older generation is lacking in mastery of
technology. Farmers who belong to the category of the younger generation are
only about 9% or 2.7 million people. This younger generation is between 19-39
years old (Farizi, 2020). The decline in the number
of young people pursuing agriculture is due to structural changes in the
workforce, the bad image of the agricultural sector, and changes in the
perception of the younger generation along with the current modernization. The
younger generation is less interested in pursuing the agricultural sector
because the land area is narrow and economically unprofitable. In addition,
there is also limited access to financing services (capital) support for young
farmers. The younger generation the higher the level of education, the
more selectively choose jobs (Werembinan et al., 2018)
and (Arvianti et al., 2019).
The declining interest of the
younger generation in agriculture is a concern. This is because millennial
farmers are the hope of realizing farmers as entrepreneurs. Agriculture in the
future increasingly relies on millennial farmers who are familiar with digital
technology, thus strengthening production and distribution activities. Young agripreneurs are strategic partners in solving marketing
and distribution constraints that are often experienced by older generation
farmers today. Therefore, efforts to attract the interest of the younger
generation in agriculture can be done through the Education process (Adhitya et al., 2022).
The purpose of community service
is to educate entrepreneurs about the values of product improvement and
marketing, about the distribution process and improvement of production
techniques to be able to compete (Purnomo et al, 2021). In addition, to improve
the ability of the community, they can apply entrepreneurial values in their
daily lives to improve food security
RESEARCH METHOD
f.
In this activity, the
participation of young farmers and communities is the main thing because they
are the main objects that determine the success and sustainability of this
program. All stages of activities are carried out in a participatory manner
involving the target group
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION
Food security is a condition of food availability that
meets the needs of everyone at all times to be able to live healthy, active and
productive lives. The meanings contained in food security include physical
dimensions (availability), economy (purchasing power), nutrition (fulfillment
of individual nutritional needs), cultural and religious values, food safety
(health), and time (available on an ongoing basis) food security is
fundamentally defined as everyone's access at all times to food needs in order
to live a healthy life. There are 4 components that must be met to achieve food
security conditions, namely: 1) adequacy of food availability; 2) stability of
food availability without fluctuations from season to season or from year to
year; 3) accessibility/affordability to food and 4) food quality/safety. These
four components can be used to measure food security at the household level.
Food security is a condition for the fulfillment of food for households which
is reflected in the availability of sufficient food, both in quantity and
quality; safe; Evenly; and affordable (Department of Agriculture, 2001).
Efforts to improve people's food security include
empowering the millennial generation to be able to become entrepreneurs so that
they can participate in increasing family income. The involvement of
millennials in society as an increase in family income has indirectly helped
improve food security and improve�� the
welfare of society in general. Therefore their
empowerment is something important and must be pursued. These efforts are not
enough just for the government but how to motivate the people themselves to
make efforts to change. The role of non-governmental organizations and social
organizations in this regard is very reliable.
����������� In the early stages of
extension activities, coordination and preparation of counseling are carried
out. The Service Team coordinates with the Kroya
village administrator to determine the schedule and concept of the activities
to be carried out.�� The target consists
of millennial farmers who have high motivation to advance and increase related
knowledge in managing agricultural businesses.�
Although the participants belong to the millennial generation, in managing
agricultural businesses, they do not fully understand business science.
����������� In the preparation stage,
the Community Service Team conducted a preliminary survey and looked for
information related to the needs of the target community. The results of the
preliminary survey obtained data that in general millennial farmers are
familiar with digital technology. All have Smartphones and utilize
social media for communication. There is a small percentage who use social
media to streamline a business or venture. Social media is used for promotion
and sales.� However, the target community
is still weak in the use of business knowledge in business management and
running an agricultural business. Management is still conventional so that the
profits obtained have not been maximized. Millennial farmers do not yet have
the insight as agripreneurs. This is what causes the
agricultural business that is run to be underdeveloped. Based on this
information, community service activities are focused on agripreneurship
education for millennial farmers in Wonotulus village
so that they add scientific insight and can change the mindset or way of
thinking in managing agricultural businesses.
The activity stage begins with the opening, presentation
of the material by the speakers, discussion and question and answer, and
finally the closing. Counseling is carried out online using zoom meetings and
the material has been shared with the target community through WA so that all
participants have read and studied the material. The goal is that the transfer
of science and technology can run smoothly and more optimally. This is also in
anticipation of signal interference. The target community who first studies the
material is expected at the time of the discussion to be able to directly
submit questions to the speakers. The student team at the service location
plays a role in guiding the course of activities, discussions, and closing
events.
Based on the
results of counseling and discussion, data was obtained that the use of
technology in running a business, especially in marketing activities, is still
very limited. The target audience has an Android cellphone, able to use social
media such as WA, Facebook and Instagram, but only 10% use technology to
support business management. Social media is used to promote and sell new
products of WA and facebook. Based on this, it can be
concluded that millennial farmers have not utilized digital technology to the
fullest to run and develop a business. The target community also has not dared
to take risks to expand the market using e-marketplaces and other ecommerce.
The target community has also not innovated in terms of product processing.
Most new millennial farmers sell locally produced products in the local area.
Whereas as an agripreneur is required to be creative
and innovative.
The
community's home yard is quite large but has not been optimally utilized as a
business land. People still think that agricultural activities are carried out
in rice fields or large areas outside the yard of the house. The potential of
abundant local resources in Kroya village has not
been utilized and cultivated to the fullest. The community still depends on
paddy rice farming. Marketing also still depends on the collecting merchants so
the selling price is low. The mastery of business knowledge used is only
limited to setting selling prices, calculating costs and profits. How to do
promotion on social media, expand marketing areas, determine market segments
and branding has not been done. People's mindset is very simple, that is, the
products are sold, do not lose and are able to meet the needs of their
families, they are quite satisfied.
The target
community after listening to the material presented by the resource person felt
open to scientific insights and knowledge in business management. The
agricultural sector is a sector that supports the community's economy and plays
a role in realizing food sovereignty nationally. The target community was very
enthusiastic at the time of the discussion, and many questions were asked to
the speakers. The following are the results of the discussion and question and
answer of the speakers with the target community.
How to
motivate the younger generation to be interested in entering the world of
agriculture and developing agricultural business in the village, is done by
giving a real example of millennial farmers who have successfully managed an
agricultural business. Many millennial farmers in Indonesia are successful. The
younger generation should also be given the knowledge that the agricultural
business does not have to be dirty and muddy. Many technologies have been
developed to support the development of agriculture from upstream to downstream.
As a businessman, you don't have to plant or struggle in the cultivation sector
but can be in the processing, packaging and marketing sectors. Based on news
sourced from wartatani (2020), here is the success
story of a millennial farmer from Cianjur, West Java,
namely Sandi Octa Susila (26 years old) who is in the agricultural business and
produces around 141 kinds of holtikutura. Sandi
fostered 385 farmers and managed 120 hectares of land spread across various
regions. The turnover earned is around Rp 500 million per month. Another
millennial farmer success story according to wartaekonomi
(2020) is Jatu Barmawati
(29 years old). Jatu comes from Lampung and is
successful as a mangosteen exporter in the European region. Ayobandung
(2020) also covers Wisnu Saepudin
(26 years old) a millennial farmer from Pasirlangu
village, Cisarua, West Bandung. Vishnu Saepudin was successful as a paprika farmer at a young age.
How to
cultivate the spirit of agripreneurship in young
farmers can be done by motivating and providing an understanding that farmers
are not as a job but as an entrepreneurial activity. The concept of farmers as agripreneurs, then farmers not only become farm laborers,
but as farm business owners. Farmers as agripreneurs
who are young and old do not only dwell on the upstream aspect (production),
but also must master the downstream aspect (processing) as an agribusiness
system. This change in mindset requires a strong process and motivation from
within the farmer himself.
The results of
research by Nugroho, Waluyati & Jamhari (2018) show that the younger generation is
interested in entering the world of agriculture due to financial factors,
parental heritage and government incentives. Therefore, it is necessary to
increase the role of youth in agricultural institutions, the introduction of
agriculture through early childhood education, improving the quality of
agricultural actors, developing integrated agriculture, strengthening
cooperative farming, as well as agricultural insurance and marketing
guarantees.
This is also
in accordance with Herawaty (2016) which states that
to encourage entrepreneurship improvement programs, the government must look at
external and internal factors of the younger generation. External factors
include motivation from other parties, facilities for setting up a business,
clear and non-discriminatory regulations, and an atmosphere conducive to
developing entrepreneurship. While internal factors come from within the
entrepreneur himself related to the motivation to be entrepreneurial.
DISCUSSION
����������� Some
of� the
achievements that� can be obtained
from� this service activity� can be seen from several things, including
the� Knowledge and Skills of
Participants� . Hasil achieved is the
occurrence of cognitive improvement of knowledge and skills of participants psychomotorly.� At
first, most participants did not yet understand the concept of entrepreneurship
and how it is applied in�
agriculture. After the training activities, farmers have another
view of their business, they begin to understand that professional business
management can develop their business. Young farmers understand that to get
success in the agricultural business, they must implement the right business
management, according to their respective business conditions. The feedback
from the participants was very good, they were able to follow the training
activities well, then they were also able to re-practice the material that had
been given. After being given training, assistance was carried out to these
young farmers, which aimed to see the application of the material in the field
directly.
Thementoring process carried out to program
participants is a participatory process starting from the beginning to the end
of the activity. Learning begins with an explanation of entrepreneurship in the
field of agribusiness. After that, discussions and business simulations were
carried out with participants so that they understood their business potential
and how to optimally utilize this potential. On this occasion, the technique of
processing reject products was also introduced, so as to increase their income.
Some of the products processed in this training activity include butternuts,
radishes and carrots into processed foods of economic value. As a result of
this mentoring activity, farmers are able to carry out the process of recording
their business activities. They can compile books so that their activities can
be recorded properly. In this process, farmers can also understand their
business potential, so they can determine the next productive step.
After farmers
are able to document each of their activities properly,
then they are accompanied to make SOPs in the garden, so that they have
standards and guidelines in their farming activities. The existence of this SOP
can help farmers to produce relatively uniform yields, so that the harvest is
more easily accepted by the market. This mentoring process is carried out for 2
months so that in the end they are able to compile their own SOPs for other
farming activities.
In this
Community Service activity, the service team becomes a facilitator to bring
together practitioners, village officials who are related to groups of young
farmers. Through this activity, the results are obtained that young farmers
have an interest in trying something new in their farming activities, of
course, which can provide additional income for them. Unlike farmers in general
who prefer the way they are used to doing, young farmers tend to be more
willing to take risks in running their business. This makes training and
facilitation activities more dynamic, they are more
active to learn business management so that they can apply it in their business.
CONCLUSION
This
Community Service activity provides changes to the aspects of knowledge and
abilities of participants in aspects of entrepreneurship and business
management, so that farmer participants can develop their businesses become
more commercial and professional.� This
change can be seen from the improvement of farmers' abilities, especially in
terms of recording, financial bookkeeping and documentation of activities so
that they are able to compile SOPs for farm business activities in their
respective lands. �Farmers also
understand that they have the potential to further develop in their
business.� Thing this is often not
realized by the farmers themselves, so it is necessary for the participation of
the University to always provide an understanding of the importance of
entrepreneurial patterns for farmers.
One of the
outputs of this activity is that young farmers understand that they can develop
their business even better, so that this farmer profession can become a decent
livelihood for them. Through this service activity, it was obtained that young
farmers have an interest in trying something new in their farming activities,
of course, which can provide additional income for them. Unlike farmers in
general who prefer the way they are used to, young
farmers tend to be more willing to take risks in running their business. This
makes training and facilitation activities more dynamic,
they are more active to learn business management so that they can apply it in
their business. From this activity, young farmers are now starting to network,
because they think it is very necessary to develop their business value. By
networking, young farmers become easier to access market information and also
information about the development of innovations in their field of business, so
it can be concluded that farmers' awareness of themselves and their communities
is getting better.
Based on the results of community service activities and the
discussion mentioned above, it can be concluded that there is a need for
knowledge and understanding of� food security for the people of Kroya� Village,� Kroya
District,� Cilacap
Regency. The target community is very enthusiastic and motivated to apply
business knowledge in business management in agriculture. To improve the
ability and skills of farmers in managing agricultural business, it is
necessary to provide assistance and training so that farmers are young.
Journals and elders are really able to apply business knowledge in managing a
business
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