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Eduvest � Journal of
Universal Studies Volume 3 Number 1, January,
2023 p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN
2775-3727 |
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EVALUATION OF THE DIMENSIONS AND THICKNESS OF THE ADI
SOEMARMO SURAKARTA AIRPORT APRON PAVEMENT USING THE FAA (FEDERAL AVIATION
ADMINISTRATION) METHOD |
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Andika,
Latif Budi Suparma, Suryo Hapsoro Tri Utomo Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Email: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected] |
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ABSTRACT |
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Air transportation
is the most recent mode of transportation among other modes and only emerged
and developed in the 20th century. World Wars I and II gave a great impetus
to the development of air transport in almost every country in the world. To make it
easier to conduct this research, it is necessary to collect data related to
"Evaluation of the Dimensions and Thickness of the Adi Soemarmo
Surakarta Airport Apron Pavement Using the FAA (Federal Aviation
Administration) Method". Data on air traffic movements is needed in
performing the role or designing the pavement thickness of airport airside
facilities. Data on aircraft movements is needed in forecasting the growth
rate of aircraft at airports. It takes at least 10 years or at least the last
5 years to forecast the movement of the aircraft. The results
of the calculation of apron dimensions were obtained by 560 m � 135 m while
the dimensional conditions of the existing apron were 420 m � 135 m. Based on
the results of these calculations, it is necessary to increase the apron
length by 140 m, while for the width of the apron there is no need to widen
so that the apron is able to serve aircraft traffic optimally for the next 20
years at Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport |
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KEYWORDS |
FAA;
dimensions; thickness |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
International |
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INTRODUCTION
Air transportation is the most recent mode of transportation among other
modes and only emerged and developed in the 20th century (Wicaksono, 2018). World Wars I and II gave
a great impetus to the development of air transport in almost every country in
the world (Sartono
et al., 2015). �Air
transportation has a dual function, namely as a supporting element (Service sector) and a driving
element (promoting sector) (Sartono et al., 2015). The role of
transportation as a supporting element can be seen from its ability to provide
effective and efficient transportation services to meet the needs of other
sectors, as well as playing a role in driving development dynamics. As a
driving element, air transportation has also proven to be an effective
transportation service to open isolated areas and also serve remote areas and
islands (Razi
& Sumberdaya, 2014).
Surakarta City is one of the cities that has the largest airport in Central
Java, namely Adi Soemarmo International Airport (Sefaji et al., 2018). Adi Soemarmo Airport has a runway
length of 2.5 00 m x 45 m, an Apron area of 420 m x 135 m, and a
parking stand that can ��accommodate 10 aircraft. The terminal area �is 13,000 m 2 with a �capacity of 1,525,013 passengers per year, and
the car park is 29,000 m 2 which can accommodate 330 �vehicles and the largest operating
aircraft is the Airbus 330 which requires a runway length for take off of 2. 300 m and for landing by 1. 800 m with a passenger capacity of 295 passengers (Suryanto et al., 2021).
The demand for air travel that increases every year is also expected to be in
line with the performance of the Airport Airside facility so that it can serve
the increase in demand that occurs, especially on the Apron (Setyaningsih, 2010).
An apron is a specific area
on the surface of the airport (aerodrome)
that aims to accommodate aircraft to raise and drop off passengers, goods or
cargo, refueling, parking and aircraft maintenance. �The apron is the part of the airport that serves the terminal so
it must be designed according to the needs and characteristics of the terminal (Sartono et al., 2015).
The pavement structure as well as the dimensions of the Apron itself must be able to carry and
receive loads from a number of aircraft on it and accommodate existing aircraft
so that it can serve aircraft traffic properly. Pavement planning which is the
main structure in Apron
construction �by itself is
required to be able to accept and carry the load of traffic aircraft on it that
is planned appropriately (Huzeirien & Dahlan,
2018). �The apron was designed using rigid pavement because the Apron bore a fairly long static load and the place to refuel the aircraft.
This research is intended to evaluate the dimensions and pavement of
the �Adi Soemarmo
Surakarta Airport �Apron and obtain
the results of the calculation of the construction of the Apron pavement �and �the planned Apron dimensions with �a carrying capacity capable of serving
aircraft traffic in accordance with the planned growth of aircraft traffic (Wardani et al., 2017). The dimensions and pavement on this Apron are planned to be evaluated using
the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
method because this method has the advantage
that this method provides a complete and detailed picture of the conditions and
types of soil that will be faced in the field and this method is suitable for
all weather and various soil classes in the field (Kembauw
et al., 2017). This
FAA method is also considered more acceptable to variations in aircraft
movements and also an increase in the number of aircraft movements in the
future (Moetriono & Suryani,
2021). The planned aircraft that will be used
in this study is the B-737-900ER aircraft, the B-737-900ER aircraft is the largest aircraft that is often
served at Adi Soemarmo Airport (Sinaga
et al., 2019).
This research is expected to be able to provide information in the field of
transportation, especially air transportation and is also expected to be
considered in the evaluation of pavement on Aprons at any airport (Sanjaya & Tamara, 2022).
RESEARCH
METHOD
The research location is in Surakarta City, Central Java Province.
Geographically the airport is located at coordinates 07�30 ́58"S, and
110�45 ́25"E, with an elevation of 128 m or 419 feet above sea level.
1.
Data Primer
2.
Secondary Data
a. �Apron pavement
structure data
c.
Traffic movement data
for the last 10 years
d.
Data CAD Apron
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Air traffic data
Data on air traffic movements is needed in performing the role or designing
the pavement thickness of airport airside facilities. Data on aircraft
movements is needed in forecasting the growth rate of aircraft at airports. It
takes at least 10 years or at least the last 5 years to forecast the movement
of the aircraft. Data on aircraft movements at Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport
from 2010 to 2019 can be seen in Table 1.
Adi Soemarmo
Surakarta Airport Departure Data
|
Year to- |
Year |
Aircraft departure (units) |
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1 |
2010 |
20503 |
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2 |
2011 |
21381 |
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3 |
2012 |
22703 |
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4 |
2013 |
23899 |
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5 |
2014 |
24895 |
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6 |
2015 |
25942 |
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7 |
2016 |
26461 |
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8 |
2017 |
27001 |
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9 |
2018 |
28423 |
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10 |
2019 |
29733 |
Based on aircraft departure data at Adi Soemarmo Airport,
aircraft departures have increased from 2010 to 20 19, in 201 0-2019 aircraft movements increased�
from� 20,503 to 29,733.� �The movement of aircraft at Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport �can be seen in Figure 5. 10.
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annual aircraft movements of Adi
Soemarmo Surakarta Airport An upward trend |
The evaluation on the
pavement of the Adi Soemarmo
Surakarta Airport apron �is using�
annual aircraft departure data. The number of aircraft departures taken is in 2019 which has been divided based on the type or
type of aircraft operating at the airport. The number of aircraft departures in 2019 by aircraft type
or type can be seen in Table 2
Number of aircraft
departures in 2019 (Angkasa Pura I, 2020)
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No. |
Aircraft Type |
Number of aircraft movements |
Percentage of aircraft type (%) |
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1 |
Boeing 737 - 300 |
286 |
0,96 |
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2 |
Boeing 737 - 400 |
74 |
0,25 |
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3 |
Boeing 737 - 500 |
152 |
0,51 |
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4 |
Boeing 737 - 700 |
4688 |
15,77 |
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5 |
Boeing 737 - 800 |
6727 |
22,62 |
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6 |
Boeing 737 � 900ER |
10555 |
35,50 |
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7 |
Airbus 320 � 200 |
5801 |
19,51 |
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8 |
ATR 72 � 600 |
1348 |
4,53 |
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9 |
Cessna 208 |
102 |
0,34 |
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Sum |
29733 |
100 |
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Based on Table 2 the number of aircraft departures as �a whole will be used in calculating
the pavement thickness of the apron.
2. Air traffic data for the next 20 years
Air traffic data for the next 20 years is needed in forecasting or
predicting the number of aircraft and passenger movements in the future at Adi
Soemarmo Surakarta Airport so that it can serve the flight needs of the
community for the better in the city of Surakarta. The forecasting method used in airport
design is the �time series method.
a. �Time series method
Analysis with a simple linear regression model was carried out with the
help of microsoft excel software
using the data in Table 3 for aircraft departures in the last 10 years, namely
2010 to 2019 so that an equation of the number of aircraft movements was
obtained as in Figure 2
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growth of the
number of departures of Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport aircraft in 2010 �
2019 with a linear regression trendline |
From figure 5.11 above, a linear regression equation is
obtained, namely:
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( Error! No text of specified style
in document.. 1 ) |
With the value of the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.906, where that
variable x (year) has a simultaneous effect on variable y (number of aircraft
departures) by 90.6%.
Results of forecasting the departure of a 20-year aircraft using equations (5.1)
|
Year |
Period to - (x) |
y = a + bx |
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2020 |
11 |
30514 |
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2021 |
12 |
31500 |
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2022 |
13 |
32485 |
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2023 |
14 |
33470 |
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2024 |
15 |
34456 |
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2025 |
16 |
35441 |
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2026 |
17 |
36426 |
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2027 |
18 |
37412 |
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2028 |
19 |
38397 |
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2029 |
20 |
39383 |
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2030 |
21 |
40368 |
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2031 |
22 |
41353 |
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2032 |
23 |
42339 |
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2033 |
24 |
43324 |
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2034 |
25 |
44310 |
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2035 |
26 |
45295 |
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2036 |
27 |
46280 |
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2037 |
28 |
47266 |
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2038 |
29 |
48251 |
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2039 |
30 |
49236 |
From the table above, it is known that the prediction of
the number of departures of Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport aircraft for 2039 is 49,236�
aircraft. In addition to �using this time series method �, forecasting can also be done using �the exponential
smoothing model
Results of forecasting
aircraft departures in the next 20 years with exponential smoothing model
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Year |
Period to - (x) |
y = a + ebx |
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2020 |
11 |
34620 |
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2021 |
12 |
36384 |
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2022 |
13 |
38238 |
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2023 |
14 |
40186 |
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2024 |
15 |
42234 |
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2025 |
16 |
44386 |
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2026 |
17 |
46648 |
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2027 |
18 |
49025 |
Table Error! No text of specified style in
document.
Results of forecasting aircraft departures for the
next 20 years with exponential smoothing model (Continued)
|
Year |
Period to - (x) |
y = a + ebx |
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2028 |
19 |
51523 |
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2029 |
20 |
54149 |
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2030 |
21 |
56908 |
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2031 |
22 |
59807 |
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2032 |
23 |
62855 |
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2033 |
24 |
66058 |
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2034 |
25 |
69424 |
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2035 |
26 |
72961 |
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2036 |
27 |
76679 |
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2037 |
28 |
80586 |
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2038 |
29 |
84693 |
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2039 |
30 |
89008 |
By using trendline exponential smoothing, the
value of the coefficient of determination is obtained, namely R2 =
0.9855 which means that the variable X (year) has a simultaneous effect on
variable Y (number of aircraft departures) by 98.55% by obtaining the number of aircraft movements in 2039 as many as 89,008 aircraft.
Based on forecasting traffic data for 20 years for the
upcoming Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport using the time series method, the
number of aircraft departures in 2039 used in the
calculation is taken from the results of forecasting analysis using the time series method with an exponential smoothing model, namely 89,008 aircraft with
a fairly high R2 value of = 0, �9855 which is close to the value of 1.
3. Number of aircraft in the next 20 years
To obtain the number of aircraft that will be in operation in the next 20
years, an analysis will be carried out on the movement of aircraft during peak
hours which is carried out by formulating in advance the value of the
coefficient of demand for air traffic transportation during peak hours using
Equation (3.7), Equation (3.8), and Equation (3.9). As for the number of
aircraft that will park on the apron,
it can be calculated using Equation (3.10). �Gate occupancy time is used for
operational optimization purposes where waiting and parking time arrangements
are carried out on the apron. �Gate occupancy time can be seen on the
Boeing 737 � 900ER aircraft type based on Table 3.1, which is 45 minutes.
a. Calculating peak clock volume in 2010
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The number of aircraft parked on the apron
in 2010
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b. Calculating peak clock volume in 2015
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The number of aircraft parked on the apron
in 2015
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c. Calculating peak clock volume in 2020
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The number of aircraft parked on the apron
in 2020
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d. Calculating peak clock volume in 2025
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Number of planes parked on the apron
by 2025
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e. Calculating peak clock volume by 2030
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Number of aircraft parked on the apron
by 2030
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f. Calculating peak clock volume by 2035
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Number of aircraft parked on the apron
by 2035
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g. Calculating peak clock volume in 2039
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Number of aircraft parked on the apron
by 2039
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The number of aircraft parked on the apron
from 2010 to 2039 as a whole can be seen in Table 6.
Number of aircraft
that will park on the apron from 2010
� 2039 as a whole
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Year |
Number of Aircraft Departures |
Md |
Cp |
Mp |
N |
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2010 |
20503 |
56.17 |
0.184 |
10 |
9 |
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2011 |
21381 |
58.58 |
0.180 |
11 |
9 |
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2012 |
22703 |
62.20 |
0.175 |
11 |
9 |
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2013 |
23899 |
65.48 |
0.171 |
11 |
9 |
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2014 |
24895 |
68.21 |
0.167 |
11 |
10 |
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2015 |
25942 |
71.07 |
0.164 |
12 |
10 |
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2016 |
26461 |
72.50 |
0.162 |
12 |
10 |
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2017 |
27001 |
73.98 |
0.160 |
12 |
10 |
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2018 |
28423 |
77.87 |
0.156 |
12 |
10 |
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2019 |
29733 |
81.46 |
0.153 |
12 |
10 |
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2020 |
34620 |
94.85 |
0.142 |
13 |
11 |
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2021 |
36384 |
99.68 |
0.138 |
14 |
11 |
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2022 |
38238 |
104.76 |
0.135 |
14 |
12 |
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2023 |
40186 |
110.10 |
0.132 |
14 |
12 |
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2024 |
42234 |
115.71 |
0.128 |
15 |
12 |
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2025 |
44386 |
121.61 |
0.125 |
15 |
12 |
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2026 |
46648 |
127.80 |
0.122 |
16 |
13 |
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2027 |
49025 |
134.32 |
0.119 |
16 |
13 |
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2028 |
51523 |
141.16 |
0.116 |
16 |
13 |
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2029 |
54149 |
148.35 |
0.113 |
17 |
14 |
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2030 |
56908 |
155.91 |
0.111 |
17 |
14 |
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2031 |
59807 |
163.86 |
0.108 |
18 |
14 |
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2032 |
62855 |
172.21 |
0.105 |
18 |
15 |
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2033 |
66058 |
180.98 |
0.103 |
19 |
15 |
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2034 |
69424 |
190.20 |
0.100 |
19 |
15 |
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2035 |
72961 |
199.89 |
0.098 |
20 |
16 |
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2036 |
76679 |
210.08 |
0.095 |
20 |
16 |
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2037 |
80586 |
220.78 |
0.093 |
21 |
16 |
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2038 |
84693 |
232.03 |
0.091 |
21 |
17 |
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2039 |
89008 |
243.86 |
0.088 |
22 |
17 |
Based on the data in
Table 6 above, it is known that the aircraft that will park in the year will
continue to grow in the next 20 years. The number of aircraft that will park on
apron Bandara Adi Soemarmo Surakarta in 2039 is 17 aircraft. Currently,
the apron condition �of Adi Soemarmo
Surakarta �airport �is able to accommodate
as many as 15 aircraft considering that Adi Soemarmo Airport is one of the Hajj
embarkation airports in Indonesia which is designed to have large dimensions.
Interestingly, outside the Hajj month, Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport is more
often used for small aircraft with an� apron capacity
�that can
accommodate 15 aircraft This airport is still able to accommodate an increase
in aircraft movements until 2034 and must begin to add apron dimensions �in 2039.
Geometric design using ICAO and FAA methods is carried out by determining
the dimensions of the apron using Boeing 737-900ER type aircraft for the
next 20 years. The dimensions of the Boeing 737-900ER type aircraft can be seen
in Figure 7
The design of the apron area �according to ICAO and FAA can be determined
using Table 7 and 8 to �obtain dimensions according to the distance of
each letter code (code letter �), code
letter is a calculation according to the wingspan (wingspan) �and outer main gear wheel span (width / outermost wheelbase of the
aircraft) required. Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport �with 15 aircraft stands�
and has a code letter, namely code 4-E.
Figure 7
growth of the number of departures of Adi Soemarmo
Surakarta Airport aircraft in 2010 � 2019 with a linear regression trendline
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Aerodrome Code Letter (ICAO) |
Minimum Clearance |
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Between Aircraft and Fixed or Moveble Object (C) |
Aircraft Stand Taxilane Centre Line to Object (B) |
Apron Taxiway Centre Line to Object (A) |
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A |
3,0 m |
12,0 m |
16,25 m |
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B |
3,0 m |
16,5 m |
21,5 m |
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C |
4,5 m |
24,5 m |
26,0 m |
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D |
7,5 m |
36,0 m |
40,5 m |
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And |
7,5 m |
42,5 m |
47,5 m |
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F |
7,5 m |
50,5 m |
57,5 m |
Minimum clearance
on �the apron
according to the FAA
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Code Letter (FAA) |
Nose to Building Clearance (E) |
Between Aircraft and Fixed or Movable Object (C) |
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A |
9,0 m |
4,5 m |
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B |
6,0 m |
7,6 m |
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C |
6,0 m |
7,6 m |
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D |
4,5 m |
7,6 m |
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And |
4,5 m |
7,6 m |
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Minimum required clearance (Sartono et al.,
2015) |
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Based on Figure 5.6, Table 5.8 and Table 5.9 using Boeing
737-900ER aircraft, the following data are obtained:
Wingspan (WS) = 35,75 m����������������������������������������������������������������
Length (L) = 40,67 m������������������������������������������������������������������������
A (Apron Taxiway Centre Line to Object) =
47,5 m�������������������������
B (Aircraft Stand Taxilane Centre Line to
Object) = 42,5 m������������
C (Between Aircraft and Fixed or Moveble Object)
= 7,5 m������������
D (Minimum distance between aircraft stand
taxilane center line) = WS + C
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� =
35,75 + 7,5
����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� =
43,25 m
E (Nose to Building Clearance) = 4,5 m�������������������������������������������
Then the width and
length of the apron can be calculated using the data above, namely as
next:
Apron length �� �= (2 x
B) + (11 x D)
����������������������������������� = (2 � 42.5)
+ (11 � 43.25) = 560.75 m ≈ 560 m
Apron �width �������������� �= E + L + A + 1/2 WS
����������������������������������� = 4.5 m +
40.67 m + 47.5 m + 17.875 m
= 110.545 m �≈ 110 m �(used width of the existing �apron i.e. 135 m)
�Apron dimensions ����� �= Apron length �x apron width
����������������������������������� = 560 m x
135 m
����������������������������������� = 75.600 m2
The calculation results of the combination of the length and width of the
apron have potential considering the condition of the available land and with
this combination the apron is able to accommodate aircraft at Adi
Soemarmo Surakarta Airport for the �next 20 years for the Boeing 737-900ER type
with an aircraft stand of 17 aircraft. This type of aircraft was chosen
because it is the largest aircraft currently landing and parking at Adi
Soemarmo Surakarta Airport (Randika, 2017). The apron design uses a nose-in type aircraft parking configuration where the aircraft
parks perpendicular to the terminal building and is close to the terminal
building. This is done because with this configuration the area of land used is
smaller and the noise level is lower because there is no jet blast
leading to the aircraft terminal building.
This nose-in type aircraft
parking configuration can also make it easier for
passengers to board the plane by using a ramp as a direct passenger link to the
aircraft. In the existing condition, the area of the apron of Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport is 420 m � 1 35 m. �In the next 20 years where it requires an area
of 560 m � 135 m, it is necessary to increase the length of the apron
to ���be able to meet the needs of the apron in the future. A sketch of the apron layout for existing conditions and the
next 20 years can be seen in Figure 3 and Figure 4 (Suharyat, n.d.).
CONCLUSION
Based on the purpose of the study and the results of the
evaluation and discussion, the evaluation of the pavement of the Adi Soemarmo
Surakarta Airport apron using the FAA method can be drawn as follows.
The results of the calculation of apron dimensions were
obtained by 560 m � 135 m while the dimensional conditions of the existing
apron were 420 m � 135 m. Based on the results of these calculations, it is
necessary to increase the apron length by 140 m, while for the width of the
apron there is no need to widen so that the apron is able to serve aircraft
traffic optimally for the next 20 years at Adi Soemarmo Surakarta Airport.
The movement of the aircraft calculated using the
forecasting method of time series with exponential smoothing for the next 20 years
obtained 89,008 aircraft departures which value was then used in the
calculation of the thickness of the apron pavement.
The results of the calculation of the thickness of the
apron pavement using the FAA method were obtained as follows:
The thickness of the existing rigid pavement on the apron
is obtained, namely the final thickness of the concrete slab by 40 cm, the base
course by 15 cm and the subbase course by 30 cm, while for the final thickness
of the rigid pavement for the next 20 years, a concrete slab of 44 cm, a base
course of 15 cm and a subbase course of 30 cm are needed. Based on the results
of stress, deflection, and fatigue calculations, the stiff pavement thickness
for the next 20 years, which is 44 cm, can be used because the results obtained
from voltage, deflection, and fatigue are in accordance with the requirements.
The difference in
calculation differences between the results of the analysis of the thickness of
the apron pavement
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