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Eduvest � Journal of Universal Studies Volume 2, Number 11, November, 2022 p- ISSN 2775-3735 - e-ISSN 2775-3727 |
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STUDY OF THERMAL COMFORT
IN CAFES IN BANDUNG |
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Grace Gunawan,
Hartanto Budiyuwono, Yasmin Suriansyah Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Bandung,
Indonesia |
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ABSTRACT |
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The purpose of this study was to determine the study of thermal
comfort in cafes in Bandung. Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate
because its geographical position is on the equator. According to data from
the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency, the average humidity and
temperature in 2020 is 27.30C. The method used to analyze the object of this
study is a quantitative method with the formula of Thermal Equilibrium,
quantitative research is defined as research based on empirical experience
that collects data in the form of numbers that can be calculated and in
numerical form. This research was conducted with a quantitative approach by performing
calculations using the heat balance method to determine the heat in the 3
study objects and what factors most influence the cooling load in the 3 study
objects. Human comfort at Noah's Barn Coffeenery,
Amber Field Coffee cannot be separated from the thermal comfort factor. Based
on the calculation of the thermal balance in the three cafes, more than 50%
of the heat in the room comes from interior heat sources, especially
electronic equipment and lighting and humans are the biggest heat contributor
in the cafe dining area. Each cafe has a different heat source,
therefore, each room has a different solution. The heat in Naoh's Barn Coffeenery is
25.2412504 kW |
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KEYWORDS |
Study; thermal comfort; humidity and temperature |
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This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
International |
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INTRODUCTION
Indonesia
is a country with a tropical climate because its geographical position is on
the equator (Tjasyono,
2007).
According to data from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency
(BMKG, 2021), the average humidity and temperature in 2020 is 27.3 0 C.
Bandung is the capital city of West Java province whose city center is at 732
meters above sea level and has humidity high (> 50%) between 59.69-76.42%.
Indonesia at the Equator
Source:
Kompas.com
According
to research conducted by (Himayah
& Ridwana, 2021), stated
that the land surface temperature (LST) from 1990-2018 based on Landsat
5 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery stated that the temperature increase from
1990 to 2018. In 1990, the North Bandung area was dominated by -areas where the
soil surface temperature is below 20 o C. However, there are still
some areas with a surface temperature of around 24 o C - 29 o C
which are marked with yellow and orange colors on the map. However, in 2000,
the soil surface temperature in North Bandung was dominated by areas where the
soil surface temperature was above 27 o C, especially in the plains
in the southern part of North Bandung. While in that year, the northern part
which is still covered by vegetation has a soil surface temperature between
15-23 o C.
Figure 2
Landsat 5
Imagery and Landsat 8 Imagery North Bandung
Source: (Himayah
& Ridwana, 2021)
The
increase in ground surface temperature can be seen in 2018 where more areas
have soil surface temperatures above 32 o C which are marked in red,
especially in urban areas. This temperature increase is not only in residential
and urban areas but also in mountainous areas. The soil surface temperature in
mountainous areas is around 15-17 o C, while in 2018, the ground
surface temperature was 18-20 o C. This study reinforces the fact
that the average temperature in Bandung also increases from year to year.
According
to data from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG, 2021),
the average temperature in 2020 is 27.3 o C in Indonesia. In Bandung
itself, the maximum temperature during the day is 28-30 o C, while
according to the 1993 SNI, the optimal comfortable temperature is 22.8 �C -
25.8 �C and the comfortable warm temperature is 25.8 �C - 27.1 �C, so that at
the peak of the day the temperature in Bandung does not meet the standard of
thermal comfort so that many public buildings use air conditioning to maintain
the comfort of room users.
Figure 3
Source:
N. Senthilkumar
Figure 4
Source: Architectural Journal
The heat
inside the building caused by the sun's heat giving off heat, etc. penetrate
through glass, outdoor temperature, walls, presence of electronic equipment.
This study aims to determine the factors such as building orientation, glass
area to wall ratio (Window-to-Wall Ratio, WWR) that most influence the
building's cooling load and suggest architectural changes that can be made to
reduce the building's cooling load. Cooling load is the amount of heat energy
that needs to be removed from the room (cooling) to maintain an acceptable
indoor temperature for the occupants of the room to achieve thermal balance.
Thermal balance occurs when the sum of all the different types of heat
flow in and out of the building is zero so the main formula for this method is Qm = Qi +
Qs + Qc + Qv.
Glass
Area to Wall Ratio ( Window-to-Wall Ratio, WWR)
Source: Himayah (2019)
Heat Production Rate in Human Body
Source:
(Kumar, Aggarwal,
Sharma, & Pathania, 2012)
Thermal comfort is related to human activities
in a room. Thermal comfort discussed in this study is thermal comfort in a
closed air-conditioned dining room with a volume of 40 m-192m� or non-air-conditioned
but ventilated with a volume of 48m�. The following are some definitions of
thermal comfort from several experts:
This thermal discomfort can cause people to feel uncomfortable in public
spaces and leave that public space. Thermal discomfort not only affects the
visitors but also affects the work productivity of workers (Mandey &
Kindangen, 2017)
�
The
state of mind of a person who expresses his satisfaction with his thermal environment
(Szokolay
& Koenigsberger, 1973)
�
Conditions
where humans feel comfortable with the temperature and climate of their environment.
� Thermal comfort is a
condition of the human mind that shows satisfaction with the thermal
environment (Nugroho,
Visser, & Kuipers, 2011).
�
Thermal
comfort is a state of human thought that shows satisfaction with the thermal
environment (Nugroho
et al., 2011).
�
Convenience
in relation to the building can be defined as a condition that can provide a
sense of comfort and pleasure for its occupants. (Karyono,
Abdullah, Cotgrave, & Bras, 2020)
�
Thermal
comfort is a state related to nature that can affect humans and can be
controlled by architecture (Snyder,
1989)
�
Thermal
comfort is a condition that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding thermal
environment. (Fanger
& Smyth, 1972)
�
Thermal
comfort is a comfortable air condition in which a person can maintain a normal
balance between heat production and heat loss , at normal body
temperature without sweating. (Yaglou
et al., 1950)
From these examples or experts, it can be
concluded that thermal comfort is a sense of comfort with the temperature and
climate around it.
According to SNI 1993, the optimal comfortable temperature
is 22.8 �C � 25.8�C. To ensure thermal comfort in cafes for the middle of the
day, cafes in Bandung mostly use HVAC to ensure optimal thermal comfort.
According to research from (Katili,
Boukhanouf, & Wilson, 2015), states
that buildings are one of the largest energy consumers in many countries and in
the Southeast Asia region accounts for about 30% of primary energy demand. Air
conditioning accounts for 56% of the total energy consumption in buildings
located in the tropics. This also applies in Bandung, especially in cafes
located in Bandung during the pandemic which started from the initial detection
of the COVID-19 virus on March 2, 2020 in Depok, West Java until the president
decided to implement Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) with the issuance
of Government Regulation Number 21 of 2020 concerning Large-Scale Social
Restrictions in the Context of Accelerating the Handling of Covid-19 issued on
March 31, 2020 by the State Secretariat and announced by the president (Khusaini,
Remi, Fahmi, & Purnagunawan, 2020)
Figure 6
Glass Area
to Wall Ratio (Window-to-Wall Ratio, WWR)
Source: Himayah (2019)
According to this regulation, only 8 essential
sectors are allowed to operate during the PSBB (Luoma
et al., 2020). One of
the 8 sectors that may operate is a business sector operating in the beverage,
food and food sector (Arnani
& Wedhaswary, 2021).
However, at that time, visitors were not allowed to eat on the premises, but
only brought the food home.
Along
with the easing of the rules regarding PSBB, on June 12, 2020, the Bandung City
Government allowed dine-in with the issuance of Bandung Mayor Regulation
number 34 of 2020 concerning the fourth amendment to Bandung Mayor Regulation
no. 21 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Restrictions Large-Scale Social
Services in the Context of Accelerating the handling of Corona Virus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) in the City of Bandung (Hadiningtyas,
2021).
However, along with the entry of the Delta variant in Indonesia.
Figure 7
COVID-19
Delta
Source: (Himayah
& Ridwana, 2021)
However,
about a year later, on June 30, 2021, the Governor of West Java announced that
the Delta variant had entered Bandung City and daily COVID-19 cases had
increased to the Delta variant (Sudrajat,
Indrianti, Supriatin, Hayati, & Lindayani, 2021). Until
July 1, 2019, Indonesia officially announced Emergency PPKM whose regulations
were directly regulated by the central government (Bustomi
& Avianto, 2021) whose
provisions were finally relaxed, so that visitors could dine in cafes with 50%
capacity on August 23, 2021. Due to easy access To conduct a site survey and
monitor the number of visitors, the cafe was chosen to be the object of this
research study during a pandemic.
Cafes
are one of the most popular public places for young people. The cafe is a
popular place for young people to visit, as evidenced by a survey conducted by
Faisal in 2019, where 67% of respondents chose cafes as their favorite hangout.
In the study, 93% of cafe visitors were born between 1990-2000 and 85% of
visitors were university students. 67% of visitors visit the cafe 1-2 times per
week. 3 selected cafes from different areas such as North Bandung, downtown,
and suburbs.
Convenience Factor
Source:
Haristanti (2011)
According
to a survey conducted by (Haristianti,
Raja, & Putri, 2021), the
convenience factor is the biggest factor for people to visit a cafe. While the
second most common factor, why people visit cafes is the design of the cafe. In
this survey, the highest standards of comfort were coziness ( 77.4%),
cleanliness (67.7%), strategic location (48.4%), lighting (45.2%), and room
temperature (41.9%). This is shown by Graph 1. To ensure coziness and
stable room temperature, many cafes in Bandung use active ventilation.
According to (Katili
et al., 2015), 50% of
energy is used for active cooling systems and this percentage increases during
peak times of 80%. Therefore, one way to reduce energy use in buildings is to
reduce the cooling load of the building.
Figure 8
Thermal
Cooling Load Components
Source: broughtoneap.co.uk��
Graphics 2
Source: Haslinda Mohamed Kamar (2015)
�� In order to reduce the cooling load of the
building, the cooling load must first be known. The thermal balance method is
one way to determine the cooling load in a room. By using the thermal balance
method, it can be seen that the heat in a room is expressed in Watts (W) (Satwiko,
2008). In this
method, the factors that affect the cooling load are window area, solar
glass gain factor , wall area, wall material, indoor and outdoor
temperature difference, and ventilation speed. This study seeks to determine
what factors most influence the load that most affect the cooling load of cafes
in the city of Bandung. The factors that want to be reviewed are window-to-wall
ratio (WWR), location, orientation, location, outdoor and indoor temperature,
glass material, wall material, building orientation, and outdoor temperature.
District in Bandung
Source: Haristanti (2011)
For this reason, 3 cafes with different locations in Bandung were chosen,
namely in North Bandung which has a cooler climate, in the middle of Bandung
City which is dominated by trade areas, and in the southern part of Bandung
City which is in a lower plain. In addition, these three cafes have different
orientations. Amber Field Cafe faces North, Noah's Barn Cafe faces West and Mr.
The Roastman Experience faces West. (Temporary conclusion) Differences in
window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and building orientation are the two most
influential factors in increasing the cooling load caused by radiation and
solar heat conduction through windows and walls.
RESEARCH
METHOD
This type of
research uses quantitative research methods with the Thermal Balance Formula (Satwiko, 2008) the research method is a tool to calculate the
cooling load of buildings in the room. The result is the calculation of the
cooling load of this building will be expressed in units of Watt (W).
Quantitative research, according to (Sugiyono, 2017) is a method used to examine certain populations or
samples, analyze quantitative data to test hypotheses. According to (Sujarweni, 2014) stated that research using statistical procedures or
with quantification. This research begins with the search for 30 cafes in
Bandung which are candidates for research objects which are then narrowed down
to 3 study objects located in the center of Bandung City, North Bandung and
West Bandung City, each of which has a wall-to-window ratio (WWR), different
orientations and elevations. After the research object is determined, it is
continued with observations on the research object to measure the variables
needed for the calculation of the heat balance. In addition to observations and
measurements, interviews were also conducted with the owner with the baristas
and workers at the cafe to meet the completeness of the data.
This descriptive
research and field review was conducted to achieve the objectives of the
research. The objectives to be achieved as described in chapter 1 are to find
out the amount of cooling load in the 3 cafes that are case studies and to know
the level of what factors have the most influence on the cooling load of cafes
in Bandung, so ending the research the author can provide suggestions to the cafe
owner what changes to the building can be made to reduce the cooling load so
that the cafe's operating costs can be reduced.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
During the end of
October to December, the rainfall in Bandung City is very high and this causes
the air temperature in Bandung City to be lower. Therefore, this research was
conducted at the end of September to mid-October 2021, after the preparation of
the research proposal. The indoor temperature was measured at 12.00 o'clock . The air change in one hour in this
room is 0.35. All lights are assumed to be lit. All material absorption
coefficients or commonly known as U-values
in this experiment were taken from the Building Physics Book by (Satwiko, 2008).
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1 |
General Data of Noah's Barn Coffeenery |
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a. |
Building Name |
: Noah's Barn
Coffeenery |
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b. Address |
: Jl. Garuda No.
39, Dungus Cariang, Kec. Andir, |
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Bandung, West Java,
40184 |
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d. |
Number of Floors |
: 1 floor |
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e. |
Dining/drinking
area |
: indoor and
outdoor |
Figure 10
Noah's Barn
Coffeenery
Source: ottencoffee.co.id
Facade Noah's Barn
Coffeenery is a cafe that faces West and has a facade that is dominated by
glass. This cafe is in a shopping and school area. Behind the facade there is a
large room that is used as an indoor dining area and a coffee shop.
Behind the dining area there is an empty area that connects the indoor
dining area with the toilets and the outdoor dining area.
Figure 11
�Semi-outdoor
Source: ottencoffee.co.id
Figure 12
Connecting Room
Source: ottencoffee.co.id
outdoor dining area is provided for smoking diners. The outdoor dining area
is covered by a PVC canopy and whitewashed brick walls. In 2021, the highest
outdoor temperature observed during observations was at 32 0 C and
the indoor temperature was 26 0 C. The average capacity of the indoor
dining area is 15 people with 2 baristas on duty, bringing a total of 17
people. All spotlights and all other lights are assumed to be on.
Figure 13
The window between
Splash Kitchen and Noah's Barn
Source: Research Documentation
indoor dining area only has dead windows between the Noah Barn's cafe and Splash
Kitchen and between the dining area to the transition area to the toilets and
the outdoor area. Apart from that most of the facades are glass walls
with aluminum frames painted black . The windows on the facade are
exposed directly to sunlight coming from the front of the building. This dining
area is filled with electronic equipment for heating pastries and making
coffee and other beverages. The temperature outside and inside the building is
taken based on the temperature at the time of observation. Based on the
calculation of the thermal balance the value of Qm is 25.2412504 Watt. The heat
coming from the interior is 77.71% while the heat coming from the exterior is
22.29%.
Interior ���������� Heat Exterior Heat
Graphics 3
Percentage of Indoor and Outdoor Heat Sources at Noah's
Barn
Source: Research Documentation
������������������������������������������������
The heat source from the interior
that most affects the thermal balance in this room is the heat that comes from
the electronic equipment in the room. Electronic equipment which is dominated
by equipment for making coffee which emits a total heat of 17,235 Watts (68.28%
of the total heat in the room).
Table 1
Thermal Balance at
Noah's Barn
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Qm, space cooling load (kW) |
Qi (Watt) |
Qs (Watt) |
Qc (Watt) |
Qv (Watt) |
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25.2412504 |
19 615 |
4 402,944 |
960.467502 |
262.83894 |
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Qi = internal heat gain |
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Source: Research Documentation
Graphics 4
Thermal Balance at
Noah's Barn
Source:
Research Documentation
Although Noah's Barn has many windows that cannot
be opened, only the dead windows on the facade get direct sunlight. The windows
are dead windows that separate Noah's Barn from Splash's Kitchen and the
transition room. This cafe is one of the rooms that has the most electronic
equipment. Although most of the heat comes from electronic equipment,
electronic equipment is still needed for daily cafe operations. The heat source
that can be reduced in this cafe is the heat source that comes from outside. Qs
or heat from heat that penetrates glass and walls can be reduced. During the
day and into the evening the glass facade is covered with roller blinds to
avoid glare when the sun faces west. By replacing tempered glass with
glass with low e glass coating , this coating can minimize
ultraviolet and infrared light that enters through the glass and 82% of visible
light that enters the room. The use of tinted glass is not recommended
because the difference in the U value is not significant with the U value of
ordinary 5 mm glass. By replacing glass with low e glass coating ,
123.282432 Watts of heat are reduced at Noah's Barn. If the glass is replaced
with clear double glass with a U value of 2.5, the cooling load of this
building is reduced by 193.729536 Watts.
CONCLUSION
Human comfort at Noah's Barn Coffeenery , Amber Field Coffee
cannot be separated from the thermal comfort factor. Based on the calculation
of the thermal balance in the three cafes, more than 50% of the heat in the
room comes from interior heat sources, especially electronic equipment and lighting and humans are the biggest heat
contributor in the cafe dining area. Each cafe has a different heat source,
therefore, each room has a different solution. The heat at Naoh's Barn Coffeenery is
25.2412504 kW. The heat in Amber Field Coffee is 5.76 kW . The heat in the Roastman's Experience is 47.82159577 kW.
Graphics 5
Source: Researcher documentation
From the data presented in Graph 1, it can be seen that the highest cooling load for buildings is in the
Roastman's Experience of (47.82 kW) which is almost
twice the cooling load of Noah's Barn cafe. This is due to the larger volume of
the room, more windows that are exposed to direct sunlight and more windows and
openings. In each different heat sources. Basically in every room where coffee
is prepared, the largest source of heat in that room comes from the equipment,
while in other rooms, and the second largest source of heat comes from heat
that penetrates the windows and walls.
At Noah's Barn Coffeenery and Amber Field Coffee, the room for
preparing or making coffee is the same room as the dining area. This is
different from the Roastman's Experience, the cashier's room is a room for
making coffee and the other room is only used for eating and there are several
employees standing by at the place. Table 5.1 shows that most of the
heat comes from inside the room, namely from machines for making coffee and
food. However, these machines are indispensable and cannot be replaced.
Therefore most solutions to reduce the load on cooling are replacement glass
with lower U value such as low e glass coating and Qc with 5mm Clear
double glass 12mm/5mm clear and use of air curtain .
Table 2
Heat Source Presentation
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No |
Cafe Name |
Interior Percentage (%) |
Exterior Percentage (%) |
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1 |
Noah's Barn Coffeenery |
77.71 |
22.29 |
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2 |
Amber Field Coffee |
52.13 |
47.87 |
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3 |
Roastman's Experience |
Cashier |
56.66 |
43.34 |
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Hall |
17.86292602 |
82.14 |
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Sub-hall |
23.1 |
76.9 |
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Area I |
17.4 |
82.6 |
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Area II |
20.57 |
79.43 |
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TOTAL |
41.55 |
58.45 |
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Source: Research Documentation
At Noah's Barn Coffeenery, by replacing the glass with low e glass
coating , 123.282432 Watts of heat are reduced at Noah's Barn Coffeenery .
If the glass is replaced with clear double glass with a U value of 2.5,
the cooling load of this building is reduced by 193.729536 Watts. In Amber
Field, by adding an air curtain and low e glass coating ,
99,07512336 Watts of heat are reduced if they are replaced with clear double
glass , the savings will be 156,09705408 Watts.
At the Roastman's Experience glass replacement is also recommended, because
most of the heat in the rooms other than the cashier comes from the sun's heat
that penetrates the windows and walls. In addition, the addition of an air
curtain is needed so that cold air from an air-conditioned area cannot leak
into a non-air-conditioned room, cashier. By changing the glass material to low
e glass, the cooling load is reduced by 225.26 Watts
and if the glass is replaced with clear double glass , the cooling load can be reduced by 302.21 Watts. Graph 5.2
and Table 5.2 show the total savings in each study object.
Table 3
|
No |
Cafe Name |
Reduced cooling load with low e glass and other
interior changes |
Reduced cooling load with clear double glass and
other interior changes |
|
1 |
Noah's Barn |
123.282432 Watt |
193.729536 Watt |
|
2 |
Amber Field Coffee |
99.07512336 Watt + 709.872325461 Watt = 808.947448821
Watt |
156.09705408 Watts + 709.872325461 Watts = 865.969379541 |
|
3 |
Roastman's Experience |
1967,14097 |
20444,08263 |
Source: Research Documentation
Graphics 6
Cooling Load
Reduction
Source: Research Documentation
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