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Eduvest � Journal of Universal Studies Volume 2 Number 11, November, 2022 p- ISSN 2775-3735 - e-ISSN 2775-3727 |
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STRUCTURE SYSTEM FOR FLOOD DISASTER
EMERGENCY SHELTER ON PEATLANDS WITH A PARAMETRIC APPROACH |
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Stephanus
Evert Indrawan, Lya Dewi Anggraini, Rendy Iswanto Universitas Ciputra
Surabaya, Indonesia |
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ABSTRACT |
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Kalimantan Island has had minimal risk of flooding,
but this condition has changed due to extreme natural damage. As a result, in
2021, many provinces were affected by floods. One example is the province of
South Kalimantan. The Center for Disaster Information and Communication of
the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) released on January 17, 2021,
ten districts/cities affected by flooding in South Kalimantan Province,
namely Tapin Regency, Banjar Regency, Banjar Baru City, Tanah Laut City,
Banjarmasin City, Hulu Sungai Regency Central, Balangan
Regency, Tabalong Regency, South Hulu Sungai
Regency, and Batola Regency. Eighteen thousand two
hundred twenty-two people were displaced due to flooding. These victims were
spread across six regencies/cities, namely the cities of Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar Regencies, Tanah Laut,
Barito Kuala, and Hulu Sungai Tengah. Therefore, the local government is
trying to provide emergency shelter after the flood. However, post-disaster
needs are very complex in the process, such as the character of peatlands
that require special structural knowledge to build them, the difficulty of
access during disasters, the lack of availability of building materials in
disaster conditions, and the high demand for housing. To answer the need for
multi-parameters in the process of designing unloading structures for
post-flood emergency shelters, a parametric approach is needed that will
significantly change the design approach such as testing several parameters
at once, controlling the dimensions-quality-quantity of materials, being able
to perform analysis and simulation tests in one flow�integrated work. |
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KEYWORDS |
Kalimantan,
Post Disaster, Peat Land, Parametric |
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This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International |
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INTRODUCTION
Kalimantan Island
is an island that has had minimal risk of flooding, but due to extreme natural
damage, this condition has changed. As a result, in 2021, many provinces were
affected by floods. One example is the province of South Kalimantan. The Center
for Disaster Information and Communication of the National Disaster Management
Agency (BNPB) released on January 17, 2021, ten districts/cities affected by
flooding in South Kalimantan Province, namely Tapin
Regency, Banjar Regency, Banjar Baru City, Tanah Laut City, Banjarmasin City, Hulu Sungai Regency Central, Balangan Regency, Tabalong
Regency, South Hulu Sungai Regency, and Batola
Regency (DR, 2021). There were
18222 people who were displaced due to flooding, these victims were spread
across six regencies/cities, namely the cities of Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar Regencies, Tanah Laut,
Barito Kuala, and Hulu Sungai Tengah (A, 2018). Therefore,
the local government is trying to provide emergency shelter after the flood.
However, in the process, post-disaster needs are very complex, such as the
character of peatlands that require special structural knowledge to build them,
difficulty of access during disasters, lack of availability of building
materials in disaster conditions and high demand for housing (Karaoğlan & Ala�am, 2019). To answer
the need for multi-parameters in the post-flood residential design process, a
parametric approach is needed which will significantly change the design
approach such as testing several parameters at once, controlling the
dimensions-quality-quantity of materials, being able to perform analysis and
simulation tests in one integrated workflow. Therefore the
problem to be examined in this study is How to manage post-flood housing
planning on peatlands? How to address specific building construction needs on
peatlands? How to design disassembled building structures by involving the
latest technology as an effort to reduce dependence on building materials in
disaster locations?.
Indonesia is a
country prone to disasters, one of which is flooding which occurs due to
extreme geographical conditions and natural damage. Therefore, this research
aims to develop knowledge and technology in the field of construction capable
of solving disaster problems from a technological science perspective through
an interdisciplinary approach capable of managing research so as to provide benefits
to the wider community. The aim of this study is to produce a model of a rapid
raft structure system for post-flood housing on peatlands with a design
parametric approach that can be used by flood-affected communities in
Indonesia. In the form of prototypes and visual-scripting.
This Literature
Review begins with an explanation of the potential for flooding on the island
of Kalimantan. According to Arielle Emmett According to Arielle Emmett, not
many people know the potential for natural disasters in Indonesia. 90 percent
of reported natural disasters are weather related, with the main causes being
rain, floods, tornadoes, fires and landslides. Related to potential disasters,
Bambang Supriyadi has classified natural disasters
that have occurred in Indonesia with the attributes of Floods, Earthquakes and
Landslides. Disasters are grouped into 3 clusters consisting of high, medium
and low disasters. High disaster classifications are: Aceh, West Java, Central
Java and East Java. Medium medium classification is
West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Bangka Islands, Riau Islands, DKI Jakarta, DI
Yogyakarta, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, North Kalimantan, Gorontalo, West
Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku and West Papua. Low classifications are North
Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, Banten, East Nusa Tenggara, West
Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Southeast
Sulawesi and Papua (Supriyadi, Windarto, & Soemartono, 2018) Although
South Kalimantan is not included as an area with disaster risk natural, but the
results of data processing made by Kompas Research and Development explained
that the area of Kalimantan's forest cover was shrinking (Kompas, 2021). Research
conducted by Stephanie Wegscheider shows that from
1990 to 2020 the trend of deforestation in all of Kalimantan has decreased but
deforestation in North and West Kalimantan has increased so that conditions
explain that disasters that occur in each province of Kalimantan need to be
reviewed from a variety of different perspectives (Wegscheider et al., 2018). So it
cannot be denied that Kalimantan has the potential to be affected by flooding.
When a flood occurs, many people's houses are damaged, therefore shelter and
shelter are needed. (Barton & d�Errico, 2012) Rahman
explained in his writing that there are three categories of shelter used to
accommodate victims, namely community flood shelters, shelters that utilize
school buildings as shelters for evacuation (school-cum-shelters) and
individual shelters used for small groups or families. (Flood-proof individual
homesteads). According to Rahman, areas that have a long-term flood risk
require flood management that is more than just controlling floods, therefore
the awareness to provide flood prevention shelters is included, but each solution
is highly dependent on local conditions. In practice, post-disaster victims
often do not get proper housing and social and health problems often arise.
This happened due to a lack of understanding of the situation and condition of
the victim. In research made by Tonja Klansek and
such shelters for Bihari refugee victims of Bangladesh floods. The use of
bamboo and tarpaulin materials creates differences in perceptions between user
needs and development technical needs regarding housing needs. Such as public
kitchens and private kitchens which aim to avoid the danger of fire, but
victims need private kitchens for their needs. There have been many previous
studies to respond to this flood disaster. Beginning with the use of bamboo
materials, it was also used with the aim of meeting construction needs, but due
to urgent time, bamboo materials were of poor quality (Nadal, Zapata, Pag�n, L�pez, & Agudelo, 2010).
David Rockwood
wrote in his research that three things are the goal of providing good
post-disaster housing, namely building quality, cultural response and projects
that are able to generate jobs for affected victims through the use of
prefabricated technology (Rockwood, da Silva, Olsen, Robertson, & Tran,
2015). According
to Gunawardena's research, long-term solutions are needed to provide
post-disaster housing. The work process using a modular system can be cut by up
to 50 percent. Of course this is relevant if it is linked to the need for
post-disaster housing provision (Gunawardena, Ngo, Mendis, Aye, & Crawford, 2014). However,
in practice, prefabrication technology often requires further adjustments, such
as the dome house located in Ngelepen, Yogyakarta. Priasmara Putra Marindrha's
research shows that the form of spatial adaptation that occurs there is the
addition of space outside the house such as the addition of new spatial
functions and the addition of area. The socio-economic aspect is a factor that
causes additional space outside, this is due to a change in the status of an
agrarian environment to become a tourist village (Marindrha, 2018). David
Rockwood uses a modular approach in making post-flood residential houses in the
Pacific Region using FRC (Fiber Reinforce Concrete) printed materials but
conventional concrete transportation and concrete molding methods for remote
areas are considered ineffective. As in F�sun Cemre Karaoglan's research, it
was stated that many factors influence disaster resolution and in practice
disaster conditions are often difficult to predict (Karaoglan Cemre & Ala�am, 2018). This
study describes the potential of a computational approach in the design of
architectural formations through a certain set of rules and an algorithmic
approach. Of course it takes an effort to realize
this. Salta in his research explained advances in fabrication technology which
resulted in a shift from the phenomenon of mass production to mass
customization (Salta, Papavasileiou, Pyliotis, & Katsaros, 2020) Nebal Al Azzawi conducted research with a digital
fabrication approach that produced post-flood housing in Bekka
Valley Lebanon using basic materials paper as covering material folded with
honeycomb formation. In this project, it can be seen that the advantages of
this design are the light weight of the dead load and the flexibility of the
shape (can be in the form of a box and the shape of the letter L with a certain
radius) (Al Azzawi, Amir, Tiwari, & Mushtaha, 2020). In terms
of material use, Rina Yadav conducted preliminary research on Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens)
in combination with processed materials and used tires which have the potential
to be basic shelter materials. This is shown in Figure 15 which explains the
significant compressive strength, tensile and immersion tests, but there is no
further journal regarding its application (Yadav, Chen, Shao, & Song, 2021).
RESEARCH
METHOD
The research
method that will be used is quasi-experimental. This method is an experimental
activity that carries out treatment, evaluation of the impact of activities,
experimental units that are not carried out randomly to produce comparative
studies in an effort to conclude changes due to treatment. In this stage, the
formation strength analysis process will be carried out which will then be
carried out through the Finite Element Analysis method which will be the basis
for making a scalar structure model. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or often
referred to as Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical method for solving
partial differential equations. In the engineering world, mathematical
equations are often needed to describe a system, often in this modeling it
contains partial differential equations that are very difficult or even
impossible to solve using analytical equations. Using FEA, this system of
equations can be solved into small sub domains, or elements that are connected
to each other by nodes. Algebraic equations can also be made for each of these
nodes to then obtain a solution. Today, FEA is a technique commonly used by
engineers to solve engineering problems. This method allows engineers to
simulate the model to find problems that may occur before the physical model is
created. Solutions from this modeling can also be used to verify experimental
results or field assessments to reduce the total cost and time of field
experiments that must be used. Before entering the FEA process, Geometry
planning is carried out. The geometry used in this simulation is a light-weight
structure made of plywood with a thickness of 3 mm.
Figure
1
Figure 2
�Connections To The
Structure
In order for this geometric model to be calculated
by a computer, the volume of the model needs to be converted to a mesh. Meshing
or discretization of FEA is the process of converting a continuous solid domain
into a discrete computational domain with a finite number of elements so that
structural equations can be solved using the FEA numerical method. Then,
meshing is made using automatic tetrahedral on each geometric component because
of its superiority in being able to form elements by tetrahedral mesh for more
complicated geometries. This setting helps increase the accuracy of the mesh
with elements that fit the geometry well.
Figure 3
�Meshing details
Figure 4
Contact
Fixed
Support keeps certain parts of a geometry from deforming due to movement about
its entire axis. Fixed supports in this geometry are defined at the bottom of
the structure.
Figure
5
1:1.
Scale Model
Figure
6
1:1.
scale modeltis 1:1
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
The scale used in the results
obtained is 500 thousand times to see a clearer effect. It can be seen that the
greatest total deformation occurs in the center region of the structure. This
is because in addition to the gravity of the total center structure in the
middle, the area in the middle is the area farthest from the support so that
the largest deformation occurs in the center of the structure. Maximum value
for the total deformation that occurs in the horizontal bar with the greatest
length. While the structure above it can be considered to have a relatively
smaller deformation. This is due to the connection and structure so that the
forces formed can be distributed more evenly. The contours of the equivalent
stress and strain equivalent tend to be the same because these two values
are directly proportional. The maximum value of both is formed at
the same location, namely in the area near the support. This is the result of
the reaction force exerted by the loading of the structure whose internal
forces are transferred through the connections of the structure. It can be seen
that the pre-designed joints can cope with the loads placed on the structure.
CONCLUSION
Through FEA
simulation and scalar modeling, it can be concluded that the formation and
construction system can overcome the loads that occur due to dead loads.
However, additional simulations and further studies are still needed to be able
to see more extreme loadings to predict the ability of more critical
structures.
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