Eduvest ï¿½ Journal of Universal Studies Volume 2 Number 11, November, 2022 p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727

PREVENTION OF COVID 19 IN CHILDREN IN KUPANG CITY: A HOLISTIC FAMILY ROLE MODEL
Fransiskus Salesius Onggang, Bringiwatty Batbual, Aben B.Y.H Romana, Blasius Gadur, Emiliandry F.T. Banase Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang, Indonesia Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 is an infectious disease from an infected person carrying the virus to people who are prone contracting it. The role of the family in preventing the spread of the epidemic. Families are at the forefront to break the chain of the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak. Survey method with a cross-sectional design to identify the relationship between the level of family knowledge and the effectiveness of the covid 19 vaccination. analyzed by looking at the correlation between vaccinations for parents which will have an impact on reducing the rate of transmission in children. Conclusion The relationship between these factors in the prevention of covid 19 in the city of Kupang is based on children. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect on the level of knowledge on the effectiveness of the covid 19 vaccination at the Kupang City Health Center in 2022, there are still many families who do not know the benefits of the covid 19 vaccination and the effectiveness of the covid 19 vaccine vaccination is still low
KEYWORDS	transmission covid 19, children, prevention, family role model
	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

INTRODUCTION

Community knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in prevention of COVID-19 transmission signifikan decreased transmission spread covid 19. (Ernawati et al., 2021) The main fear is that becoming infected makes managing contact with infected people or those waiting for diagnostic test results difficult to accept normally (Organization, 2020).ï¿½ This study will identify the role and function of the family with aims to identify the optimal role of the family holistically in dealing with Covid-19 issues specifically in children using mix methods with observational approaches by implemented closed and open interviews. The general purpose of this study was to identify family efforts in identifying the prevention of covid 19 in children based on a holistic family role at the all Kupang city Health Center. Specific objectives include identifying family efforts in preventing COVID-19 infection in children in the city of Kupang. identify the role of the family in carrying out holistic family-based prevention which is influenced by the knowledge factor (Shelmerdine et al., 2020). Identify the role of the family in carrying out holistic family-based prevention which is influenced by attitude factors, identify the role of the family in carrying out holistic family-based prevention that is influenced by experience, identify the role of the family in carrying out holistic family-based prevention influenced by cultural factors, identify the role of the family in carrying out holistic family-based prevention which is influenced by the commitment factor of the Kupang city government. analyzing the relationship of these factors in preventing covid 19 in the city of Kupang based on children (Dong et al., 2020).

RESEARCH METHOD

The population in this study is families who have children under five who have experienced acute respiratory infections. toddlers to children up to 15 years of age. The inclusive criteria are based on facts related to being willing to become sample respondents in this study with a total of 550 heads of families with children and toddlers taken at 11 Health Center in Kupang City. Collection techniques used in this study is a structured interview conducted based on critical points that represent variables that must be studied, in this case, it is about the family's efforts to carry out treatment at the home of parents or families who suffer from COVID-19 or families who are at risk, especially with regard to past things that have been done by the family. when a toddler has an Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). Interviews were conducted by identifying critical points of efforts that should be made by the family. The first stage is to identify families who have toddlers, this research is centered in 11 Kupang City Health Centers. perform informed consent for research approval. related to research approval, interviews were conducted for approximately thirty to forty minutes using a health protocol. The research instrument was arranged as a guide in conducting interviews. Children who suffer from respiratory infections do an antigen swap examination to determine whether they are reactive or unreactive to detect covid19. This study also carried out a nose and throat Pap smear on children suspected of having a respiratory tract infection, identifying exposure to Covid 19

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The study was conducted at 11 Kupang City Health Centers with a total of 550 household heads of respondents. Researchers conducted a survey with each Puskesmas 50 heads of families with predetermined criteria. The results of the study are as follows:

Table 1

Characteristics of respondents in 11 Kupang City Health Centers in 2021/2022

Variable	Variable	N	%
Age	1-5 agr	211	26,30
	6-10 age	187	23,97
	11-16 age	382	50
	Total	780	100
Parents education level	Primary School	256	32,82
	Junior High School	264	33,84
	Senior High School	300	38,46
	Total	780	100
Covid-19 vaccination status	Never been vaccinated because there is no vaccine for children yet	780	100
Implementation attitude towards the Covid	Applied by family	355	64,50
Prevention Protocol	Never been applied by family	195	45,50
	Total	550	100
Vaccine status of parents living at home	Already vaccinated against covid 19	242	44
	Not vaccinated against covid 19	308	56
	Total	550	100

Primary Data, 2022

Based on table 1 above, it shows that the most respondents are between the ages of 11-16 years (50%) of 780 respondents in 11 areas of the Kupang City Health Center from 2021 to 2022. 38.46%), The culture of living at home with other families is living at home with 345 heads of households (62.7%). The status of COVID-19 vaccination in 780 children (100%) has not been vaccinated. In the implementation of prevention of covid 19 as many as 355 family heads (64.50%) families implemented the protocol for preventing covid 19. In the vaccine status of parents, there are still many who have not vaccinated 308 families (56%).

Table 2

Pap smear results for 100 children with symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection with the covid 19 antigen swab in collaboration with the Pelita Husada Flobamora Kupang Foundation

Variable	Nasal and Throat Pap smear results	N	%	Nasal and Throat Pap smear results	N	ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ %
5 years	reaktif	20	20	Non reaktif	13	13
6-10 years	reaktif	12	12	Non reaktif	15	15
11-16 years	reaktif	10	10	Non reaktif	30	30
Totalï¿½	N = 100	42	42	Non reaktif	58	58

Primary data,ï¿½ 2022

Based on table 2, Children who suffer from respiratory infections do an antigen swap examination to determine whether they are reactive or unreactive to detect covid19. This study also carried out a nose and throat Pap smear on children suspected of having a respiratory tract infection, identifying exposure to Covid 19. Pap smear results from 100 children with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection 42 children (42%) experienced a reactive pap smear result of nasal and throat fluids while those who experienced non-reactive were 58 children (58%).

Table 3

Presenting symptoms of COVID-19 in children in children in Kupang City year 2022.

Variable : Presenting symtoms	f	%
Cough	10	30
Diare	10	30
Fever	3	3
Cough,diare, Fever	10	30
Rhinorrhoea	9	7
N=42	42	100

Primary Data, 2022

ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

Based on table 3. the manifestations of covid 19 in children are fever, diarrhea, cough, rhinorrhoea. Children whose nose and throat antigen swab results are reactive

Table 4

The relationship between the level of family knowledge on the effectiveness of the covid 19 vaccination in children in Kupang City in 2022.

Variable : Family knowledge	Variable emotion	f	%	*P value*
Good	Effective	146	26,54	0,001
Satisfactory	Ineffective	280	50.90
Less	Ineffective	124	22.54
Total Family		550

Primary Data, 2022

Based on the statistical test of the T-Test, it shows the results of the statistical test P = 0.001 which means the P value is 0.001 <0.05. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence on the level of knowledge on the effectiveness of the covid 19 vaccination at the Kupang City Health Center in 2022.

1. Pap smear results for 100 children with symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection with the covid 19 antigen swab.

Most of the COVID-19 infections are aerosolized. In a closed room with no circulation, such as in a house, there is a very high risk of transmitting covid 19 for all types of corona viruses, both those that have genetically mutated the MRa virus. The level of application of the family in carrying out prevention depends on the level of perception, individual experience, adequacy of information as well as because of the experience of suffering from covid 19. According WHO (2021) that the prevention of covid 19 is in accordance with health protocols for both those who have been exposed and those who have not been exposed. Health education is the process of increasing control and improving the health of individuals and communities by making them care about behavioral patterns and lifestyles that can affect health. Health education is an activity to increase individual health knowledge at least regarding the management of disease risk factors and clean and healthy living behavior in the community, (Assaker et al., 2020). ï¿½Children who suffer from respiratory infections, antigen swap examination to determine whether they are reactive or unreactive to detect covid19. This study also carried out a nose and throat Pap smear on children suspected of having a respiratory tract infection, identifying exposure to Covid 19. Pap smear results from 100 children with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection 42 children (42%) experienced a reactive pap smear result of nasal and throat fluids while those who experienced non-reactive were 58 children (58%).

The health education provided is health promotion about Improving New Normal Adaptation Behavior for Covid-19 Prevention, (Chen et al., 2020). The purpose of education According to (Yuliana, 2020) there are three main goals in providing health education so that a person is able to determine the problems and needs they want, understand what they can do about health problems and use existing resources and take action. the most appropriate decisions to improve health. Meanwhile, according to (Yuliana, 2020), based on the target approach to be achieved, the classification of educational methods is the method based on the individual approach. This method is individualized and is usually used to foster new behavior, or to foster someone who is starting to be interested in a behavior change or innovation. The basis for using this individual approach is because everyone has different problems or reasons in connection with the acceptance or new behavior.

2. Attitude and knowledge of the family towards the prevention of covid 19 in Kupang City

The family is the basis of all processes of spreading COVID-19 in children. Families with occupancy rates living in the same house with a narrow room area can be a risk of transmitting COVID-19 to children and other diseases related to aerosol or droplet infection, (Liu et al., 2020), (Ho et al., 2020).ï¿½ The attitude of staying at home with respiratory infections or self-isolation at home with inadequate family attitudes such as an independent isolation room will have a high level of risk of transmission to children. Watt, et all, 2020 said that the transmission of the corona virus is the same as acute infection with pneumonia with a high transmission rate. The relationship between knowledge, attitude and behavior is a horizontal relationship between the occurrence of an increase in the spread of covid 19 in children.ï¿½ At the level of knowledge, it will have an impact on attitudes when choosing the right behavior in prevention, then behavior is better if the understanding and attitudes of the family are adequate.12 Healthy behavior is knowledge, attitude, and proactive action to maintain and prevent the risk of disease, protect oneself from threats. disease, and play an active role in the public health movement (Liu et al., 2020). What is meant by New Normal is an action or behavior carried out by the community and all institutions in the area to carry out daily patterns or work patterns, new lifestyles that different from before. If this is not done, there will be a risk of transmission. New habits for a healthier life must continue to be practiced in society and every individual, so that they become social norms and new individual norms in everyday life. If the new habit is not carried out in a disciplined manner or only carried out by a group of people, then this can become a threat of a second wave of epidemics. Old habits that are often done, such as shaking hands, kissing, kissing hands, crowding/clumping, lazy to wash hands must be abandoned because they support the transmission of Covid-19. We are required to b e able to adapt/adjust new habits wherever we are, such as at home, at the office, at school, in places of worship, and also in public places (Organization, 2020), (Blumberg et al., 2020). The importance of maintaining a Clean and Healthy Lifestyle is the creation of people who are health conscious and have the knowledge and awareness to live a life that maintains cleanliness and meets health standards, (Ho et al., 2020) Lately we are often presented with the term "New Normal" which is to return to a clean and healthy life, live according to health protocols to prevent the spread of Covid-19. Therefore, keeping a distance, using masks, washing hands, will be part of a clean and healthy lifestyle that will be applied in everyday life (Mustajab et al., 2020).

3. Family experience in caring for families with Covid 19 in children

A family consisting of a man and a woman who live together without a legal marriage bond) Distinguishes 2 forms of family, namely the Traditional Family. Families that are formed because / do not violate the norms of community life that are traditionally respected together, the most important thing is the validity of family ties. Non Traditional Family. Families whose formation is not appropriate or is considered to violate the norms of traditional life that are respected together (Wajdi et al., 2020). The most important thing is the validity of the marriage bond between husband and wife. Just as the individual goes through successive stages of growth and development, the family as a unit also undergoes successive stages of development. There are eight stages of the family life cycle according (Ashidiqie, 2020). ï¿½In an effort to overcome health problems, the task of the family is the main factor for the development of health services to the community. Family health tasks according to (Syadidurrahmah et al., 2020) are as follows: Recognize developmental disorders of health problems of each member. take decisions to take appropriate health measures, provide care to family members who are sick and who cannot help themselves, maintain an atmosphere at home that benefits the health and personality development of family members and maintain reciprocal relationships between families, health institutions that show the benefits of health facilities properlyï¿½ (Ashidiqie, 2020).

4. Family Culture in preventing covid 19 in children

The spread of the Covid-19 pandemic does not only cause physical symptoms and diseases, but also has a psychological impact on both sufferers and the wider community. For sufferers, the psychological impact can be felt, such as feeling depressed, stressed and anxious when diagnosed with Covid-19. As for the wider community, it can cause feelings of depression, stress and anxiety with news about the increasing number of Covid-19 sufferers. 25 conditions like this are certainly dangerous for individuals, therefore it is necessary to anticipate or prevent the psychological impact of Covid19, one of which is through the role of the family. The family has a role in all forms that occur to its members. As reflected in role theory, namely the behavior expected of someone who has a status. In other words, the role is that individuals occupy certain positions, so they feel that each position they occupy can lead to certain expectations from the people around them (Ernawati et al., 2021). Thus, the role of the family is a specific behavior that a person performs in a family context. Therefore, the family has a role to be responsible for its members in terms of health. Therefore, family members must protect together, so that together we can increase the immune system of family members, especially those who are vulnerable by providing adequate nutrition, nutrition, food and protection, (Yuliana, 2020).

Family functions in terms of reproduction for pregnant women, babies, children and parents can run well. Responsibility of the education and socialization function for the family to its members, function of environmental development, in the midst of the Covid-19 outbreak like this, of course, it is a must for individuals to clean the surrounding environment. So parents must be able to instill and invite their family members to implement an environmentally friendly lifestyle to create a clean environment. Seeing the functions above, the family has a role to prevent family members from being able to avoid the Covid-19 pandemic. More than that, the family has the goal of improving the quality or building a healthy lifestyle and preventing all forms of disease. Therefore, the role of the family occupies an important and strategic position in this regard to shape a lifestyle (Ernawati et al., 2021). ï¿½

5. The relationship of factors between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on the effectiveness of the covid 19 vaccination at the family level in Kupang City

The relationship between knowledge factors and a person's attitude greatly influences good behavior. A good level of knowledge relationship will encourage someone to vaccinate. This is greatly influenced by information and one's environment. Family members must understand and be able to help Covid-19 patients follow the health care provider's instructions for treatment. Family members must periodically monitor the condition of Covid-19 patients if symptoms worsen, then contact health services. To prevent the spread of Covid-19, family members must prepare a room to be used as a place of isolation by paying attention to room ventilation, using separate bathrooms and separate dining addresses and don't forget to use masks when socializing. WHO revealed that there are some important knowledge that families must know in caring for Covid-19 patients at home, including quarantine of patients from other family members and keeping a distance of at least one meter, use masks when treating patients, dispose of the masks after each use, wash hands properly. use soap after contact with the patient, and the room for the patient should be well ventilated. Covid-19 patients and their family members must be given support and education regarding the COVID-19 vaccination from the first to the second booster. The effectiveness of vaccination depends on motivation based on knowledge and family attitudes in preventing covid 19. Continuous education and monitoring that must be carried out during home care continues to be carried out to suppress covid 19 in children (Buana, 2020).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the research above, it can be concluded that the role of the family in preventing covid 19 in children in Kupang City is still not as expected with various causes, including the system of implementing health protocols has not been implemented optimally by the family, psychological factors reduce the covid 19 vaccination coverage rate and have not implemented home visits to community communities that are not reached by covid 19 vaccination.

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