How to cite:

Ratnawati, Oberlin Silalahi. (2022). Women Regional Heads And

Gender-Responsive Policies In Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia.

Journal of Eduvest. Vol 2(9): Page 1742-1755

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Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 9, September, 2022

p- ISSN 2775-3735 - e-ISSN 2775-3727

WOMEN REGIONAL HEADS AND GENDER-RESPONSIVE

POLICIES IN TABANAN REGENCY, BALI, INDONESIA

Ratnawati

, Oberlin Silalahi

Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study examined the contribution of women's government

heads to gender-responsive policies at the local level. It was

carried out due to the increase in the number of women

leaders in various countries as heads of government at the

national and local levels in the 21st century, which

contributed to the realization of gender-responsive policies.

This paper argues that the social capital owned by women

regional heads contributes to realizing gender-responsive

policies. This study was carried out using the focus group

discussions (FGD) methodology, with data collected from 19

key informants through in-depth interviews and documents.

The result showed that the success of women regional heads

in realizing gender-responsive policies is influenced by their

social capital in the form of material capital, access to

information with organizations and public officials, and the

provision of a network capital that is bonding, bridging, and

linking. Furthermore, there are other factors, namely personal

capacity related to knowledge and understanding of gender-

responsive policies, involvement and experience of women

regional heads in organization activities, and support politics

of the regional parliament/DPRD. This study provides insight

for women willing to advance in the election contestation

process by considering their previous experience and

involvement in political activities as essential factors in

realizing gender-responsive policies

KEYWORDS

Gender-Responsive Policies, Social Capital, Women Regional

Heads

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

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INTRODUCTION

This study aims to examine the contribution of women regional heads to the

realization of gender-responsive policies by analyzing the case of Ni Putu

Wiryastuti, the Regent of Tabanan Regency (Bali), who served for two tenures

(2010 to 2015 and 2015 to 2020). This regency was used because Wiryastuti was

the first female regent in Indonesia, and during her time, there was an increase in

the Gender Development Index (IPG) from 2010 to 2020. Furthermore, this study

was triggered by the opinion that the 21st century is often referred to as the

century of women. According to Andrea Fleschenberg, countries in the Northern,

Southeastern, and Southern parts of Asia have had female political subjects as

presidents, prime ministers, and prominent leaders of opposition parties

(Fleschenberg & Derichs, 2012). They played a decisive role in political processes

in the Asian region and other parts of the world.

In Indonesia, several women have started to take on important roles and

positions in local politics since the direct regional head elections (pilkada) were

held in 2015. Table 1 shows the data acquired during the regional elections held in

2015, 2017, and 2020.

Table 1

Data on Simultaneous Regional Head Elections in Indonesia

No.

Simultaneous

Election

Province

Regency

City

Total

2015

224

269

2017

101

2018

115

171

Source: Indonesian General Election Commission (KPU), 2020

The 2015 simultaneous regional elections are the first transitional phase

carried out in three stages before the national, scheduled in 2024. Along with

implementing this direct electoral mechanism, the involvement of women in local

politics has become increasingly evident (Dewi, 2015, p. 192). In 2015, the

number of competent female candidates elected during the direct local elections

was as follows:

Table 2

Women's Participation and Electability in Elections Contest in Indonesia

Electio

n Year

Governor

Candidate

(person)

Candidate for

Regent/Mayor

(person)

Candidate for

Deputy

Regent/Deput

y Mayor

(person)

Total

(person)

Total

Selected

Perso

2015

123

37.10

2017

26.67

2018

n/a

30.69

Source: Document data processed (2020)

This correlates with the analysis of several scholars who elaborated on the

emergence and involvement of Asian women in politics. Jahan, for example,

Ratnawati, Oberlin Silalahi

Women Regional Heads And Gender-Responsive Policies In Tabanan Regency,

Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Eduvest

1744

carried out research in 1987 and mentioned the females who were elected as

leaders in South Asia. Although it is undeniable that their involvement in politics

is inseparable from dynastic factors, such as Jahan's study, where it was concluded

that these female politicians are capable of occupying the highest political

positions in their respective countries. One of these attributes is based on the fact

that they have strong connections with a male family member, such as a father or

husband who is an influential political figure (Jahan, 1987). Moreover, the

emergence of female politicians in East Asia is inseparable from their connections

with male family members who have strong political power or influence

(Derichs, Fleschenberg, & Hustebeck, 2006). Meanwhile, Richter analyzed the

determinant factors that made South and Southeast Asia women emerge as

political leaders from 1990 to 1991. It was further concluded that family ties or

kinship relations with male politicians, whether husbands or fathers influence

their political emergence (Richter, 1990-1991, p. 528). Thompson also carried

out a similar analysis using the term political dynasties to explain these women's

strong kinship relations with male politicians (husband or father). This served as a

critical factor that led to the election of female political leaders into power in

Southeast Asia (Thompson, 2002-2003, p. 538).

This study does not explain the factors that led to the election of women as

regional heads at the local level. However, it analyzes how their presence

promotes constructive governance in initiating, realizing, and implementing

gender-responsive policies. Indeed, their emergence as local leaders or regional

heads through direct election is an achievement, although it need not be

interpreted as the ultimate goal. It is even more critical that their presences aid in

the realization of gender-responsive policies for both practical and strategic

interests; besides this is the significance or importance of this study.

The findings of this study are expected to provide a theoretical contribution

to the role of women regional heads in realizing gender-responsive policies in the

form of confirming the established theory (Chattopadhyay & Duflo, 2004).

RESEARCH METHOD

The primary materials analyzed in this study are gender-responsive

policies and, second, social capital realized by women regional heads of Tabanan

Regency from 2010 to 2020. Therefore, this led to using a case study

methodology defined by as a holistic process to understand contemporary

phenomena in real-life contexts. In Yin's opinion, which states that case studies

are a methodology for holistically understanding contemporary phenomena in

real-life contexts (Yin, 2009, p. 18), the authors argue that this case study is the

proper methodology for this study because this study aims to explain in-depth and

comprehensively the contribution of women regional heads to the realization of

gender-responsive policies which is a reality in local politics in Indonesia. The

author cannot carry out this process using the survey method (Merriam, 1998).

This study uses qualitative methods with focus group discussion (FGD) data

collection techniques, in-depth interviews, and document/secondary data.

According to (Rowley, 2012), those interviews are used in qualitative research to

obtain facts and understand opinions, attitudes, experiences, processes, behaviors,

or predictions. These are the focus of this study.

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This study aims to explain the main contribution of the regions to the

realization of gender-responsive policies. The author used FGD and in-depth

interviews to obtain primary data, and this was done on critical informants. Key

informants in FGD and in-depth interviews using purposive sampling technique,

with the author's criteria. The author uses criteria based on the objectives of this

study. Therefore, the key informants of this study are the stakeholders involved in

developing gender-responsive policies and who are the targets of these policies.

The number of key informants is 19 people with the following details:

Table 3

List of Research Informants

No.

Informant

Total

(person)

Description

Regent of Tabanan

Regency

As the executive who formulates gender-

responsive policies

Member of the

Regional

Parliament of

Tabanan Regency

The authorities approved the draft

gender-responsive policy submitted by

the regent. The five legislative members

represent political parties that have

representatives in the Regional

Parliament of Tabanan Regency, namely

the PDIP (Indonesian Democratic Party-

Struggle), Golkar, Gerindra, Nasdem,

and the Democratic Parties.

Office (Regional

Apparatus

Organization/

OPD)

Institutions involved in the process of

drafting and implementing gender-

responsive policies made by the Regent

Civil Society

Organizations

(CSOs)

Organizations that critically provide

input and evaluate gender-responsive

policies made by district heads

Public figure

Parties who respond to the

implementation of gender-responsive

policies

Mass media

Parties who respond to the

implementation of gender-responsive

policies

Academics

Technocrats who are competent in terms

of analyzing gender-responsive policies

Total

Source: Data processed

Rowley (2009) stated that these key informants tend to affect the quality of

the research findings. Semi-structured interviews were held with selected and

potential participants to explore the information provided in the FGDs (Gubrium,

Holstein, Marvasti, & McKinney, 2012). In addition, the author prepared ten

questions as a guide, and the informants were permitted to provide answers of

their accord (Rubin & Rubin, 2012). Furthermore, the author interviewed several

key informants first. Once most of them were successfully interviewed, the

Ratnawati, Oberlin Silalahi

Women Regional Heads And Gender-Responsive Policies In Tabanan Regency,

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snowballing technique selected other potential respondents by asking for their

contacts or phone numbers or recommendations. The saturation point principle is

used to determine when the interview is over, where no new information is

obtained (Corbin & Strauss, 2014) or insufficient theme has been obtained to

perform data analysis (Guest, Bunce, & Johnson, 2006). Moreover, it is also

known as knowledge saturation.

In addition to FGDs and interviews, documents or secondary data were also

used. This comprises articles, journals, and mass media (both printed and online)

and reports on gender-responsive policies published by the Tabanan Regency

Government.

The information obtained from in-depth interviews and FGDs, as well as

secondary data, were qualitatively analyzed. An essential attribute of this

evaluation is the validity and reliability of the acquired information. Therefore, it

is necessary to confirm these from the informants (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011).

These were also confirmed by carrying out the triangulation process or

mechanism (Molyneux, 1985). Interestingly, this procedure involves checking the

validity of the data by scrutinizing its sources and other collection techniques,

including time (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). In this study, the authors carried out a

triangulation process by cross-checking the information or data obtained from

FGDs and interviews with key informants.

The data analysis stage comprises the following steps, namely reduction or

selection of relevant information, categorization based on specific themes, and

checking the validity and interpretation of the existing information. These are that

the analysis process consists of 3 streams of activities, including data reduction,

presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification (Miles & Huberman, 1994).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This paper argues that the social capital of women regional heads has

contributed to the realization of gender-responsive policies. For this reason, the

findings and discussions focus on the social capital of women regional heads,

gender-responsive policies, and how social capital contributes to the realization of

women regional heads' gender-responsive policies.

A. Wiryastuti's social capital as a women Regional Head of Tabanan

Regency (Bali Indonesia).

To determine the social capital possessed by Wiryastuti as the Regional

Head of Tabanan Regency, the analysis focused on three things, first, material

(financial) and non-material capital; second, access to information, organizations,

and public officials; and third, bonding of social networks that have close and

stable ties, bridging, namely those that are open and heterogeneous, and linking

networks between groups and countries.

Wiryastuti, born in Tabanan Bali on December 21, 1975, is the first child of

I Nyoman Adi Wiryatama, who served as a Regent in this region for two tenures,

namely from 2000 to 2005 and 2005 to 2010, as well as Chairman of the Regional

parliament for the Province of Bali from 2014 to 2019. Based on the interview

held, Wiryastuti is not a descendant of the Tri Wangsa, rather she is from the

sudra or jaba (Wiryastuti E., Latar belakang Eka Wiryastuti, 2020). Furthermore,

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it was discovered that her educational background when running as a candidate

for the Regent of Tabanan for the first period (2010 to 2015) was Diploma 2

obtained at the Fashion School in Jakarta. Later, she obtained a Bachelor's degree

in Social Affairs (S.Sos) from Margarana Tabanan College of Social and Political

Sciences in 2013 (Widiasavitri, Lestari, Suarya, & Rustika, 2017). In the FGD

forum that was carried out, one of the informants confirmed this and even

reported that Wiryastuti was a director at a convection company owned by her

father (Rimmer & Subacchi, 2018).

Based on information obtained from one of the informants during the FGD,

Wiryastuti has been active in social and political activities since 2007, starting

from joining the Marhaen Family in Bali Province to actively participating in the

wing of the Indonesian PDI-P Srikandi, which led to her understanding of societal

problems (Mahendro, 2016). Daily interaction with her father, who was active in

political activities, triggered Wiryastuti’s interest in the world of practical politics.

This information was confirmed in publications compiled by (Rimmer &

Subacchi, 2018).

In the FGD forum, information was obtained from another informant who is

the Chair of the Tabanan Regency Regional parliament that by being active in the

PDI-P organization, Wiryastuti was encouraged to establish an NGO called the

Ekalawlya Educare Foundation to increasingly get involved in solving problems

in the community . This foundation was founded by Wiryastuti in 2000 and had a

network of NGOs working on women-related issues. It actively carries out various

social activities, such as assisting persons with disabilities, awarding scholarships

to orphans, etc. Wiryastuti also actively supervised the Tabanan City Forum and

other social organizations, such as Galang Hati, which focuses on HIV/AIDS

prevention (Kusumaningtyas, 2016). These exposed Wiryastuti to a vast network

and got accustomed to interacting with the community, especially women.

Wiryastuti is the principal director of a company called CV Sari Nadi

Utama (Dirga, 2020) and was subsequently elected the Deputy Chairperson of the

Tabanan PDIP DPC (Branch Leadership Council), Bappilu Department of the

PDIP Tabanan DPC, and the Chair of the Bali Province Banteng Muda DPD

(Regional Representative Council)(Dirga, 2020). Therefore, to fulfill the 30%

quota of women in parliament, Wiryastuti ran as a legislative candidate in the

2009 Legislative Election from the PDI-P. This information was also confirmed

through some writings compiled by (Rimmer & Subacchi, 2018). In the interview

held, she admitted that before joining politics as a PDIP legislative candidate,

Wiryastuti was indirectly educated by observing and analyzing the father's active

participation in various political and social activities that led to direct interaction

with community members . In the 2009 legislative election, she managed to get

the most votes, 5,600, and was given a seat as a member of the Tabanan Regency

Regional Parliament and served as Chair of Commission IV. According to an

academic from Udayana University who actively participated in the FGD forum,

one of her success factors was being elected as a member of the Regional

Parliament because Wiryastuti had long invested in various socio-political

activities in Tabanan Regency (Dewi, Kusumaningtyas, Izzati, & Ekawati, 2022).

Wiryastuti could not complete the tenure as a Tabanan Regency Regional

parliament member. When the direct regional election was held in 2010,

Wiryastuti ran for the regent of Tabanan Regency. According to an interview with

Ratnawati, Oberlin Silalahi

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a community leader, one of the factors that prompted Wiryastuti to compete in the

2010 direct regional election was Wiryastuti’s success in becoming a member of

the Tabanan Regency Regional parliament . In the 2010 direct election, Wiryastuti

received the most votes, as shown in the following table:

Table 4

Legislative Vote Gain in the 2010 Tabanan Regional Head Election

No.

Candidate Pair

Carrier

Party

Legitimate

Voting

Percentage of Valid

Votes

Ni Putu Eka Wiryastuti and

I Komang Gede Sanjaya

PDIP

134.441

48,56%

I Wayan Sukaja and I Gusti

Ngurah Anom

Golkar

116.153

41,95%

I Gusti Gde Putra Wirasana,

MMA and I Putu Oka

Mahendra

Demokrat

and Hanura

26.258

9,48%

Total

276.852

100%

Source: Processed from the official report of KPUD Tabanan number

381/BA/V/2010

With the most votes, Wiryastuti was elected the Regent of Tabanan Regency for

the 2010-2015 tenure.

After serving as regent for five years, Wiryastuti re-ran for the 2015 direct

election and benefited from the father's position, still Chairman of the Bali

Provincial Regional Parliament after receiving the most votes in the 2014

legislative election. This shows that Adi Wiryatama's influence is still firmly

rooted in Tabanan Regency and Bali Province, indicating that she possessed

unparalleled power, which led to Wiryastuti's re-nomination as a candidate for the

Regent of Tabanan during the 2015 to 2020 tenure. This was proven by her

victory in the 2012 regional head election, where the votes obtained are as shown

in Table 5:

Table 5: Votes for the 2015 Regional Head Election in Tabanan

No.

Candidate Pair

Carrier Party

Legitimate

Voting

Percentage of

Valid Votes

Ni Putu Eka Wiryastuti

and

I Komang Gede Sanjaya

PDIP

170.428

64,39%

I Wayan Sarjana and Ida

Bagus Komang Astawa

Merta

NasDem

Gerindra

Hanura

94.256

35,61

Total

264.684

100%

Source: Processed from the official report of KPUD Tabanan number

375/BA/V/2015

The findings above show that first, Wiryastuti had material capital because

Wiryastuti is an entrepreneur and the principal director of a convection company

called CV Sari Nadi Utama. Second, she had access to information from public

organizations and officials because her father was the Regent of Tabanan for two

tenures (2000 to 2005 and 2005 to 2010) and as Chair of the Regional Parliament

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of the Province of Bali from 2014 to 2019. Third, Wiryastuti had network capital

(both in the form of bonding, bridging, and linking) because she founded an NGO

called the Ekalawlya Educare Foundation, as well as actively participated in the

Srikandi Indonesia organization (Sayap PDI-P organization) and was elected

Deputy Chairperson of the PDI-P Tabanan DPC, Head of the Bappilu

Department, DPC PDI-P Tabanan, and Chairman of the Banteng Muda Indonesia

DPD Bali Province.

These findings align with the social capital theory proposed by Bourdieu,

Putnam, and Szreter reported in this study, which has been empirically proven to

be possessed by Wiryastuti. In conclusion, these findings strengthen their use in

this research.

B. Gender-responsive policy for women regional heads of Tabanan Regency

(Bali, Indonesia) from 2010 to 2015 and 2015 to 2020

To find out the gender-responsive policies made by Wiryastuti, this study

uses the concept of gender-responsive policies from Molyneux, namely gender-

responsive policies, to meet strategic gender interests (strategic gender interests)

and practical gender interests (practical gender interests). Interestingly, policies to

fulfill strategic gender interests are aimed to overcome the backwardness of

women in the society by creating a more gender-just and orderly structure,

including those that trigger the changes or improve the law on equal pay for the

same type of work and others. Meanwhile, policies to fulfill practical gender

interests are aimed to optimize the role of women in the social and political

contexts, as well as respond to their short term needs, for example, improved

standard of living, and health services, provision of job opportunities, and clean

water including eradicating illiteracy.

When running for Regent, Wiryastuti and her partner conveyed the vision

and mission of Tabanan Serasi associated with prosperity, safety, and

achievement, to create a healthy and religious environment with equitable

distribution of the populist economy in all fields. They also boosted the potential

of the community, especially those in rural areas, maintaining local wisdom such

as the rice granary in Bali, as well as practical, efficient, and transparent public

services. Based on this vision and mission, it is evident that Wiryastuti was not

explicitly concerned with the issue of strategic and practical gender interests.

However, after being appointed as Regent, Wiryastuti showed concern for gender

issues both strategically and practically.

At the beginning of their tenure as Regent, Wiryastuti strategically issued

Regent Regulation Tabanan No. 39/2018 on gender Mainstreaming in Regional

Development. It mandates policies, programs, and development activities based

on a gender perspective strategically outlined in the work plan of regional

apparatus organizations (OPD) (Wiryastuti, PUG in Tabanan Regency, 2020).

This was also confirmed in the interview held with the community leader, who

stated that Wiryastuti also raised female legislative candidates for Tabanan

Regency by adhering to the principle that they need to attract women. To

implement the Regent Regulation, the Tabanan Regency Social, Women's

Empowerment and Child Protection Office issued the Tabanan Regency Gender

Profile in 2018. This regulation can be the basis for developing gender-responsive

planning, both in education, health, economy, and government (Tabanan Regency

Ratnawati, Oberlin Silalahi

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Government & Center for Women's Studies and Child Protection UNUD, 2018).

The two general policies aim to meet the strategic interests of gender, which aim

to create a more gender-just order and structure between men and women.

Furthermore, for the practical gender interest, Wiryastuti also issued specific

policies. First is the Cervical Cancer Free Tabanan program, which already

existed when Wiryastuti was a member of the Tabanan Regional Parliament. This

program collaborates with the Female Cancer Program from the Netherlands and

the Ekalawya Foundation (Wiryastuti, Ibu harus sehat, karena perempuan sebagai

tulang punggung keluarga, 2020). This initiative has succeeded in reducing

Tabanan the issue of cervical cancer from 8% in 2011 to 1% in 2017.

Interestingly, this data is reinforced by the information exposed by the mass

media (Tempo, 2017). Second is the Tabanan Regional Regulation No. 22/2018

regarding the Implementation Regulation of Regional Regulation No. 11/2016

concerning the Protection of Women and Children Victims of Violence. An

Integrated Service Center was formed by the Regent Regulation, collaborating

with several legal institutions stationed in numerous villages (Ismanto, 2018).

These served to create awareness regarding women's rights. Third, the issuance of

Regent Regulation No. 2/2019 concerning Child-Friendly Village Indicators in

implementing the Child-Friendly Regency (KLA) and Child-Friendly Village

(DELA) programs. Fortunately, through this initiative in Tabanan Regency,

immunization against inflammatory brain disease was carried out in schools.

According to Wiryastuti, this is the child's right, and the government needs to pay

attention to it in terms of creating a healthy generation, and in 2018, this activity

was 100% performed by the Tabanan Regency Health Office, 2018). Fourth,

Wiryastuti realized the Women's Empowerment program through Village-owned

businesses in human resources training, such as fish processing and development

initiatives for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This is reinforced

by the study carried out by Ismanto that 70% of the people's economy in Tabanan

is driven by women.

The findings above show that during Wiryastuti's two terms as Regent of

Tabanan, she issued general and specific policies for strategic and practical gender

interests. General policies for the strategic interest of gender include Tabanan

Regent Regulation No. 39/2018 concerning Gender Mainstreaming in Regional

Development and Gender Profile of Tabanan Regency 2018. These policies aim to

create a more gender-just and orderly structure between men and women.

Meanwhile, specific policies for the practical gender interest include the Cervical

Cancer-Free Tabanan program, Tabanan Regent Regulation No. 22/2018

regarding the Implementation of Regional Regulation No. 11/2016 concerning the

Protection of Women and Children Victims of Violence, Regent Regulation No.

2/2019 concerning Child-Friendly Village Indicators in the context of

implementing Child-Friendly Regency (KLA) and Child-Friendly Village

(DELA) programs, as well as Women's Empowerment programs through Village-

owned businesses in the form of human resources training, such as fish processing

and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

These findings align with Molyneux's theory relating to the gender-

responsive policy adopted in this study. Wiryastuti empirically proved this as the

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Regent of Tabanan Regency. In conclusion, these findings strengthen the theory

adopted in this research.

C. Social capital and gender-responsive policies for the regional head of

Tabanan Regency (Bali, Indonesia) from 2010 to 2015 and 2015 to 2020.

Interestingly, when Wiryastuti ran for the Regent of Tabanan Regency in

2010, her vision and mission statement did not explicitly show Wiryastuti's

alignment with the strategic and practical gender interests. During her two terms

in office, two policies were issued for strategic gender interest and four for that

practical. However, when Wiryastuti officially became the regent, she was

concerned about gender-related issues.

Several social capitals support Wiryastuti's success in establishing this

gender-responsive policy. First, she has social capital in the form of material

capital as an entrepreneur. Second, having access to information from

organizations and public officials because her father was the Regent of Tabanan

for two previous terms and the Chairman of the DPRD for the Province of Bali

from 2014-to 2019. Third, Wiryastuti also had network capital due to her active

participation in the NGO Ekalawlya Educare Foundation, Srikandi Indonesia

organization (PDI-P wing organization), Deputy Chair of the PDI-P DPC

Tabanan, Head of the Bappilu Department DPC PDI-P Tabanan, and Chairman of

the DPD Banteng Muda Indonesia, Bali Province.

For the achievement of the realization of this gender-responsive policy,

Wiryastuti in 2018 received various awards, including Anugrah Parahita

Ekapraya, which is an award for ministries/agencies, provincial governments, and

district/city governments which have succeeded in implementing the development

of empowering women and children (Ismanto, 2018). Moreover, under the

leadership of Wiryastuti, from 2015 to 2017, Tabanan Regency received an award

for the Best Immunization Program Performance in Indonesia and nine other

regencies or cities (Tabanan Regency Health Office, 2018). This award is proof

that this district has satisfactorily achieved some of the indicators for the Child-

Friendly Village program.

CONCLUSION

In accordance with empirical evidence, this study succeeded in resolving the

problem associated with the initiation of gender-responsive policies by empirical

evidence. Based on this context, the success of women regional heads in realizing

these regulations depends on their social capital, usually in the form of material

resources, access to information from organizations and public officials, and

networking capital such as bonding, bridging, and linking. Theoretically, this

study also made some contributions by offering empirical evidence. Additionally,

other factors also triggered the realization of gender-responsive policies for

women regional heads. This includes personal capacity related to knowledge and

understanding of these laws, involvement and experiences of women regional

heads in organizations or institutions that analyzed female-related issues, and

political support from the local, regional parliament. This research failed to

examine other factors; therefore, it is recommended that future studies need to

examine them. Practically, this study suggests to women who will come forward

Ratnawati, Oberlin Silalahi

Women Regional Heads And Gender-Responsive Policies In Tabanan Regency,

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in selecting regional heads to consider their experiences in activities that deal with

women's issues—also considering the political support of the local parliament.

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