standards and concerns view. QoL is a feeling of overall life satisfaction as

determined by a mentally awake person who is evaluating their life. 3 This

assessment is subjective and covers all areas of life, including elements of the bio-

psycho-social-spiritual model. 4 The use of the word subjective has ". has

different connotations to different people and is considered unreliable because it is

not objective. Subjective can be synonymous with self-awareness, which means

Both objective and subjective quality of life can include cultural, physical,

psychological, interpersonal, spiritual, financial, political, temporal, and

philosophical aspects. Quality of life implies an assessment of the value of

experiences by groups such as communities, families or individuals. 6 Finally, it

is suggested that quality of life could theoretically cover a wide range of areas and

components. This includes functional skills, including role functioning (functional

skills for different roles, such as physical activity and achievement beliefs), extent

and quality of social interactions, mental health, somatosensory, well-being, life

status, life satisfaction and fulfillment needs . It also reflects life experiences,

major life events and current life stage, while factors that define quality of life in

technology, and a general aging of the population. As a result, more and more

people have chronic diseases that negatively impact their HRQoL. In general,

chronic diseases are slow, long-lasting and require medication. Most chronic

diseases have the potential to worsen a patient's overall health by limiting their

ability to live well, limiting functional status, productivity, and HRQoL, and are

major contributors to healthcare costs. These diseases include cancer, heart

disease, stroke, diabetes, HIV, bowel disease, kidney disease and central nervous

system disease. Devin et al. (1983) argue that chronic disease disrupts a person's

life, which can be explained by its impact on well-being or quality of life.

Psychosocial well-being perceives two limitations: positive reinforcement of

comparisons). 19 This positive focus on limitations may explain the better

psychological adaptation to the disease in this group compared with patients who

were compared downward. Patients tended to only make downward comparisons

with those who were worse off when they were struggling, and upwardly compare

themselves with people who were healthier than themselves when setting recovery

standards. In the context of chronic disease research, HRQoL is examined as a

primary or secondary outcome. HRQoL is an important measure for assessing the

impact of disease and the impact of medical interventions, so improvement in

HRQoL was considered an underlying primary outcome and a determinant of

treatment benefit, as a secondary outcome that provided researchers with

interventions. This study will be informative, so the patient's voice should be

primarily considered.

The type of data used in this study is qualitative data, which is categorized into

two types, namely primary data and secondary data. Sources of data obtained

through library research techniques (library study) which refers to sources

available both online and offline such as: scientific journals, books and news

sourced from trusted sources. These sources are collected based on discussion and

linked from one information to another. Data collection techniques used in this

used to evaluate the influence of wellbeing on quality of life. HRQOL is a useful

predictive factor for determining general health since it collects data and

information about individual's medical status, both physically and mentally, as

well as the effects of medical status on quality of life (3). There are numerous

basic and disease-specific QOL tools, resulting in various intents and objectives

for assessing QOL (4). Regardless of the absence of agreement on QOL concepts,

all of the numerous ideas of QOL indicate a major matter to well-being and are

thus worth exploring and measuring QOL (5). Moreover, health professional self-

assessment of QOL varies from individual QOL views , and thus QOL should be

examined and assessed from the patient's perspective, employing surveys filled by

indicator of success after major organ transplants. In addition to notable statistical

advancements in individual and allograft survival, HRQL has been recognized as

another reliable outcome indicator. HRQL research examines subjectively medical

transplant . Over the past few decades, immunosuppression medications and

kidney transplantation techniques have advanced significantly; as a result, one-

year donor survivor rates are now over 90% (8). Maximizing the length and

quality of life while minimizing the impacts of illness and, in the case of kidney

transplant, the costs associated with care is the primary goal of organ transplants.

Depending on the state being assessed, different social economic words are listed

in various units (9). The quality-adjusted life years acquired, disease-free life

years obtained, or healthy-year equivalents per unit cost of care are a few

illustrations of these measurements. The expenses of care in kidney transplant go

as a result of the development of new immunosuppressant therapy. (10) (11).

unfavorable influence as soon as they are given their diagnosis, or as soon as they

receive the word "cancer" (12). The quality of life (QOL) of people with cancer is

impacted by a variety of elements, including physiological (pain, loss of hair,

fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea) as well as psychological (anxiety, stress, tension)

and social (emotional adverse reactions) (e.g. social isolation, and function loss).

The QOL of people with cancer can be enhanced by a number of elements, such

Long-term QOL has received more consideration as a result of these

accomplishments. Nevertheless, HRQL has only been assessed as a personal

health outcome in a small number of studies to date (22). However, it is widely

acknowledged that individuals with a functional renal transplant have a better

HRQL compared to those receiving dialysis (23) (24).

important (25) . The development of QOL evaluation methods and levels will play

patient costs and mortality. The right QOL tool must be used to guarantee that

results are reliable and therapeutically applicable. The European Organization for

Cancer Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life questionnaire

(EORTC QLQ-C30) , the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Survey (SF-36) ,

and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G) questionnaire are

the QOL measurements most frequently used in people with cancer (28).

Furthermore, WHOQOL-BREF tool is a reliable instrument to measure HRQoL

among warfarin patients (29) (30)

impairing the ability to work and minimize range of motion and other physical

activities. Most chronic illnesses have the capacity to deteriorate a patient's overall

health by impairing their ability to live comfortably, restrict their effectiveness,

[8] UNOS: Annual Data Report. 2003, Table 5.8.

[9] Ibrahim, Hamza Khalifa. "ANTIBIOTICS EFFECTS (CPROFLOXACIN-

[10] Ibrahim, Hamza Khalifa, Alla Abdulmutalib Mohammed, and Ola Adrees

[12] Al-Azri, M., Al-Awisi, H., Al-Rasbi, S., El-Shafie, K., Al-Hinai, M., Al-

[13] Üstündağ, S., & Zencirci, A. D. (2015). Factors affecting the quality of life of

[14] Muthanna, F. M. S., Hassan, B. A. R., Karuppannan, M., & Mohammed, A.

[17] Muthanna, F., Karuppannan, M., Hassan, B., & Mohammed, A. H. (2021).

[18] Muthanna, F. M., Iqbal, M. S., Karuppannan, M., Abdulrahman, E.,

[20] Arif, S., Zia, T., Mustafa, G., Qayyum, Z., Ateeq, M., Faiz, M. J., ... & Ullah,

[21] Hariharan S, Johnson CP, Bresnahan BA, Taranto SE, McIntosh MJ, Stablein

[23] Keown P: Improving quality of life--the new target for transplantation.

[24] Muthanna, Fares M., et al. "Cancer related anaemia (CRA): An overview of

[25] Imran, M., Al-Wassia, R., Alkhayyat, S. S., Baig, M., & Al-Saati, B. A.

[26] Ibrahim, Hamza K., et al. "Determining the Prevalence of Bacterial

28] Luckett T, King MT, Butow PN, Oguchi M, Rankin N, Price MA, Hackl NA

[29] Iqbal, M. S., Muthanna, F., Kassab, Y. W., Hassali, M. A., Al-Saikhan, F. I.,

[30] Benhusein, Ghazalla, et al. "A Study of Self-Medication Practice among