How to cite:
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila. (2022). Addition of
5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases
Skin Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers. Journal Eduvest.
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Eduvest –Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8, August, 2022
p-ISSN 2775-3735-e-ISSN 2775-3727
ADDITION OF 5% SACCHARIDE ISOMERATES IN
MOISTURIZING FORMULATION INCREASES SKIN
HYDRATION HIGHER THAN REGULAR MOISTURIZERS
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Faculty of Military Medicine Republic Indonesia Defense University, Faculty of
Medicine Udayana University, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Dry skin is a problem for millions of people and often causes
discomfort and even psychological stress. Increasing the water
content in the stratum corneum can be done by applying
moisturizer regularly and regularly because it will improve lipid
levels and hydrate the epidermis. Saccharide isomers (SI) are
one of the answers for the development of Glycobiology. The
hypothesis of this study is that the addition of 5% SI in the
moisturizing formulation further increases skin hydration and
can maintain higher skin hydration even after discontinuation
of use compared to ordinary moisturizers. The research
subjects were 30 women aged 30-45 years who were not
menopausal. Randomly divided into control group (15 people)
and treatment group (15 people) by double blind. Moisturizer
used for 2 weeks in a row, then discontinued use.
Measurement of skin hydration was carried out 3 times a week
during the use of moisturizer and after discontinuation. The
non-invasive measuring instrument used is the Multi Skin Test
Center® MC 750 made in Germany. Giving moisturizer in both
groups resulted in an increase in skin hydration after 2 weeks
of use (p<0.05). After discontinuation of the moisturizer, the
four locations showed significant differences in skin hydration
(p<0.05). From the results of this study, it can be concluded
that the addition of 5% SI in the moisturizing formulation can
increase skin hydration higher and can maintain higher skin
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Addition of 5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases Skin
Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers 1.537
hydration even after discontinuation of administration
compared to ordinary moisturizers.
KEYWORDS
Dry skin, Skin hydration, Moisturizer, Saccharide
isomerates, Hyaluronic Acid, Glycobiology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
INTRODUCTION
Everyone does not want to grow old because aging is a decline in condition and
disability. However, aging is one phase that must be experienced by everyone (Estebsari et
al., 2020). With increasing age, living things will also be followed by a process of loss of
function of various body tissues. Aging is the accumulation of changes in organisms over
time (Atwood & Bowen, 2011). This shows that with the passage of time, humans will
experience a decline in function that is difficult to repair (Kyriazis, 2020). This will reduce
health and survive various diseases (Fuellen et al., 2019). There are two kinds of aging,
chronological aging and biological aging (Hamilton, 1994). Chronological aging is seen
with reference to the effect of time on cells, while biological age refers to the number of
daughter cells produced by certain cells (Cordero et al., 2011). Biological aging is more
associated with decreased function (Ntaios, 2020). If chronological aging is determined by
time of birth, then biological aging is more about changes that occur at the cellular level
and are highly correlated with morbidity, mortality, and age (Bahour et al., 2022).
Various theories explain the process of aging, including the free radical theory, and
the wear and tear theory. According to the free radical theory, an organism gets old due to
the accumulation of damage by free radicals in cells over time. Free radicals will damage
molecules whose electrons are attracted by these free radicals, causing cell damage,
impaired cell function, and even cell death. It is stated in the free radical theory that aging
is caused by the accumulation of damage caused by reactive oxygen species (Gladyshev,
2014). This theory also has implications for the gradual accumulation of oxidative cell
damage as a fundamental driver of cell aging. The main molecules in the body that can be
damaged by free radicals are deoxynucleic acid (DNA), fats and proteins. Oxidative stress
occurs when the natural production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) cannot be matched
by the anti-oxidative capacity of tissues, leading to mitochondrial DNA damage and
dysfunction and higher rates of cell apoptosis (Schöttker et al., 2015)
According to the “Wear and Tear”theory, which was first introduced by Dr. August
Weismann, a biologist from Germany in 1882 stated that the body and cells become
damaged due to overuse and abuse. Organs such as the liver, stomach, kidneys, skin and
others decline due to toxins in food and the environment, excessive consumption of fat,
sugar, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, ultraviolet radiation, physical and emotional stress.
Damage is not limited to organs, but also occurs at the cellular level. This theory believes
that giving the right supplements and treatment that is not too late can restore the aging
process. The mechanism is by stimulating the body's ability to repair and maintain body
organs and cells (Pangkahila, 2007)
The aging process results in thinning of the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat.
The skin becomes dry, thin and its elasticity is reduced so it is easily damaged. Dry skin is
a problem for millions of people and often causes discomfort and even psychological stress.
In addition, dry skin is also one of the most common skin problems in the elderly (Hahnel
et al., 2019). It is a very common dermatological disorder especially in the elderly and in
patients with underlying health conditions (Amin et al., 2021). Clinical symptoms of dry
Eduvest –Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8, August 2022
1.538 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
skin include the skin surface feeling tight and stiff, rough, dull, scaly, itching, redness and
even pain. Dry skin mainly describes abnormalities in the stratum corneum of the
epidermis. Actually there is no internationally accepted definition of dry skin. Because dry
skin is simply a lack of water only on the 2-3 layers of the stratum corneum surface, but on
the bottom it remains normal (Kligman, 2000) and this is a common or common condition
(Proksch et al., 2020) that It often occurs in 75% of people 65 years of age and older
(Guenther et al., 2012).
Under normal conditions, the stratum corneum contains about 30% water. Dry skin
is characterized by decreased water retention capacity in the stratum corneum with a water
content of less than 10%, in this condition the function of the skin will be disturbed and the
skin will become dehydrated. Dry skin is not a single diagnosis because it is often
associated with endogenous and exogenous conditions. Endogenous conditions that
influence include ichthyosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis or chronic endogenous dermatosis,
increasing age and hormonal changes (Hashizume, 2004). Meanwhile, exogenous
conditions that influence include weather, dermatitis triggered by environmental factors
such as exposure to chemicals, low humidity and ultraviolet radiation, chronic irritation,
allergic contact dermatitis, photoaged skin aging and others. Modern life like the use of Air
Conditioned (AC), traveling by plane can also cause dehydrated skin.
Dry skin conditions increase with age. Based on research conducted by Augustin
(2018), at the age of 16-19 years the prevalence of dry skin was 16.7% which increased to
38.4% at the age of 60-70 years. Skin hydration decreases due to decreased stratum
corneum barrier function and increased water loss by diffusion through the epidermis or
transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (Alexander et al., 2018). In the elderly there is a
decrease in the main lipid barrier so that the barrier function also decreases (Choi, 2019).
Anti-aging medicine considers and treats aging as a disease that can be prevented, avoided
and treated, so that it can return to its original state. This successful aging is also
characterized by high physical, psychological, and social functions in old age without any
disease (Annele et al., 2019). There are three factors that contribute to extending human
life, namely clean drinking water, developed medicines, and better nutrition (Lee, 2019)
Thus, humans no longer have to let themselves grow old with all the complaints and if
necessary get treatment or treatment that is not necessarily successful (Pangkahila, 2007).
However, prevention of aging-related diseases or ARDs is very important in the current era
of aging population (Wu et al., 2021)
Various studies have been conducted to obtain optimal management of dry skin.
Appropriate skin care products should be selected with the aim of increasing skin hydration
and restoring its function (Augustin et al., 2019) One of them is by producing an effective
moisturizer to increase the water content in the stratum corneum and hydrate it.
Moisturizers work with compositions that are occlusive and/or humectant as well as
components of the Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF). An occlusive composition
physically blocks water loss from the skin's surface while a humectant composition works
by drawing water into the skin. Moisturizers provide functional skin benefits, such as
making the skin smooth and soft, increasing skin hydration, and improving the optical
characteristics of the skin. Skin that is kept moist can defend itself against damage caused
by the aging process (Draelos, 2018)
With the development of the role of carbohydrates/Glycosaminoglycans in inter and
intercellular communication, a branch of Glycobiology has developed which studies the
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Addition of 5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases Skin
Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers 1.539
structure, biosynthesis, biology and evolution of saccharides (chain sugars or glycans)
(Varki et al., 2015). Meanwhile, in 2008, the pharmaceutical industry of Pentapharm in
Switzerland produced the active ingredient Saccaride isomerates (SI) which is a complex
carbohydrate mucopolysaccharide (glycan) similar to that found in the stratum corneum of
human skin. So that in the epidermis it will form hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid. SI is one
of the answers for the development of Glycobiology (Pentapharm, 2009). In accordance
with the function of hyaluronan in the epidermis, SI can function to maintain moisture by
increasing the water content in the stratum corneum even in low humidity. SI can also bind
to the skin even under very low pH conditions (Pentapharm, 2009). There have been no
published studies on the effects of using SI on moisturizing formulations. Research that has
been done is research from SI product manufacturers which shows SI has a much higher
skin moisture retention capacity than glycerin (Pentapharm, 2009). With the addition of SI
to the moisturizing formulation, it is hoped that a moisturizing formulation that is effective
in overcoming the problem of skin dryness can be obtained. So that it can be an ideal
moisturizer that is able to rejuvenate dry skin due to aging without causing an irritating
effect.
RESEARCH METHOD
The research method used in this study is a True experimental method using the
"Pretest-posttest Control Group Design" Campbell & Stanley, 1963 (Hammersley, 1991)
Figure 1 Research design
In the research subjects, the samples were randomly divided into the control group
and the double-blind treatment group.
O1: Observation of the control group after being released from any lotion for 1 week
O2 : Observation of the control group after using regular moisturizing lotion for 2 weeks
and after being free for 1 week
O3 : Observation of the treatment group after being released from any lotion for 1 week
O4 : Observation of the treatment group after using moisturizing lotion with 5% SI for 2
weeks and after being free for 1 week
P0 : Control group (ordinary moisturizing lotion)
P1 : Treatment group (moisturizing lotion with SI 5%)
This research was conducted at Tk Hospital. II Moh. Ridwan Meuraksa, Jln. Kramat
Raya 174, Jakarta, which started in August-October 2010. The study population was female
employees of Moh. Ridwan Meuraksa (MRM) Jakarta with an age range of 30-45 years
while the sample was taken from those who met the criteria for acceptance of research
subjects. In addition, the data obtained were analyzed with the following steps: (1)
descriptive analysis for the data on the basic characteristics of the research subjects which
Eduvest –Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8, August 2022
1.540 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
included age, weight, and height; (2) Chi-Square test was conducted (2x2 cross tabulation)
in order to know the difference in distribution in each group; (3) Shapiro-Wilk normality
test was performed on the data from skin hydration measurement results and the data
obtained were normally distributed (p>0.05); (4) carried out a comparative test with paired-
sample t test; (5) a comparative test was conducted with an independent-sample t test on
the percentage of skin hydration in the control group and the treatment group; (6) One Way
Anova test was conducted to compare the percentage of skin hydration at the four
measurement locations; and (7) the data was processed with the SPSS 13.0 for Windows
Statistical Base Program.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this study, 30 people were used as samples, 15 of them as a control group (using
regular moisturizer) and 15 people as a treatment group (using a moisturizer containing
Saccharide Isomerate 5% (SI 5%). In this discussion, the normality test will be described.
data, data homogeneity test and comparability test.
Data Normality Test
The data from the measurement of skin hydration were tested for normality using
the Shapiro-Wilk test. The result shows that the data is normally distributed (p>0.05).
Homogeneity Test
The data from the measurement of skin hydration in the control group and the
treatment group were tested for homogeneity using the Levene's test. The results show
homogeneous data (p > 0.05).
Subject Characteristics
This section describes the basic characteristics, which include age, height, and
weight. The above data is presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1 Basic Characteristics That Include Age, Height, and Weight
Characteristics
SI 5%
(Treatment)
Age
(year)
39,27 ± 5,75
height(cm)
156,67 ± 4,42
weight (kg)
61,67 ± 10,49
Table 1 above shows the average age of study subjects in the control group and 5%
SI, the average height and average weight.
Factors Affecting Skin Hydration in Research Subjects
From the anamnesis results obtained several factors that affect skin hydration.
Presented in Figure 1.
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Addition of 5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases Skin
Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers 1.541
Figure 2 Factors Affecting Skin Hydration in Research Subjects
To determine the role of these influencing factors on skin moisture, the Chi-Square
test (2x2 cross tabulation) was used in order to determine the difference in distribution in
each group. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 Distribution of Factors Affecting Skin Hydration in each group
Influential factors
Group
2
P
Control
SI 5%
Skin Care
Yes
12
13
0,240
0,624
No
3
2
Atopic
Yes
4
8
2,22
0,136
No
11
7
Based on the results in Table 2 above, it was found that the skin care habits and
atopic conditions were not different in each group (p > 0.05). The p-value for skin care
habits is 0.624, the p-value for atopic conditions is 0.136. This means that these factors
have no effect on changes in skin hydration in this study.
Effects of Using Moisturizer on Skin Hydration
This section describes the percentage of skin hydration before and after using a
moisturizer for 2 weeks. To find out whether there is a moisturizing effect on skin hydration
in each group, a paired-sample t test was performed. The results of the analysis are
presented in Table 3 and Table 4.
1. Regular moisturizing group (Control)
Table 3 Average Skin Hydration Before and After Using Regular Moisturizers For 2
weeks
Location
Average skin hydration (%)
t
p
27%
53%
80%
87%
0
5
10
15
Kontrol SI 5%
J
U
M
L
A
H
KELOMPOK PENELITIAN
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
HIDRASI KULIT
Atopik
Merawat kulit
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Week 0
Week 2
Upper arm
26,20±3,21
62,80±6,56
23,557
0,000
Forearm
25,63±2,27
54,67±5,49
19,443
0,000
Upper limbs
23,73±3,27
49,07±6,36
14,681
0,000
Lower limbs
22,00±2,12
49,77±10,21
10,417
0,000
Table 3 above shows the mean skin hydration of the control group at the four
measurement locations before and after using regular moisturizer for 2 weeks. The results
of the significance test with the paired-sample t test showed a p value <0.05. This means
that the mean skin hydration after using regular moisturizer for 2 weeks showed a
significant difference.
2. SI group 5%
Table 4 Average Skin Hydration Before and After Using SI 5% Moisturizer For 2 weeks
Location
Average skin hydration (%)
t
p
Week 0
Week 2
Upper arm
28,47±4,80
71,30±10,79
19,835
0,000
Forearm
26,63±2,68
63,93±9,24
18,503
0,000
Upper limbs
24,20±5,72
60,60±14,71
10,099
0,000
Lower limbs
22,00±2,13
41,57±6,95
11,144
0,000
Table 4 above shows the mean skin hydration of the 5% SI group (treatment) at the
four measurement sites before and after using a moisturizer containing 5% SI for 2 weeks.
The results of the significance test with the paired-sample t test showed a p value <0.05.
This means that the mean skin hydration after using a moisturizer with an SI 5% for 2
weeks showed a significant difference.
Effects of Using Moisturizer on Week 0 to Week 3
In this section, the percentage of skin hydration after using moisturizer is presented.
Presentation of results based on location. Based on the results of the normality test and
homogeneity test, the data obtained were normally distributed and the data between groups
was also homogeneous, so a parametric test was used, namely the independent-sample t
test to analyze the differences between the control group and the treatment group. The
results of the analysis are presented in Table 5 to Table 12.
1. Upper Arm
Table 5 Differences in the mean skin hydration of the upper arm of the control and
treatment groups
Research time
Control
(%)
SI 5%
(%)
t
p
Week 0
26,20 ± 3,21
28,47 ± 4,80
1,520
0,140
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Addition of 5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases Skin
Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers 1.543
Week 1
39,77 ± 5,28
43,13 ± 7,06
1,479
0,150
Week 2
61,80 ± 6,56
71,30 ± 10,79
2,913
0,007
Week 3
42,07 ± 6,22
57,43 ± 9,39
5,280
0,000
From Table 5 above, it was found that, at the location of the upper arm there was a
significant difference in mean skin hydration in the 2 groups with independent-sample t
test after 2 weeks of using moisturizer (week 2) and after a week of stopping it (week 3) (p
< 0 ,05).
2. Forearm
Table 6 Differences in Forearm Skin Hydration Rates in Control and Treatment Groups
Research time
Control
(%)
SI 5%
(%)
t
p
Week 0
25,63 ± 2,27
26,63 ± 2,68
1,102
0,280
Week 1
37,33 ± 4,52
41,87 ± 8,24
1,868
0,072
Week 2
54,66 ± 5,49
63,93 ± 9,23
3,340
0,002
Week 3
37,93 ±6.01
53,13 ± 7,88
5,937
0,000
Table 6 above, shows that:
At the location of the forearm there was a significant difference in the mean percentage of
skin hydration in the 2 groups with independent-t test after 2 weeks of using moisturizer
(week 2) and after a week of stopping it (week 3) (p < 0.05).
3.Upper Limb
Table 7 Differences in Limb Skin Hydration over Control and Treatment Groups
Research time
Control
(%)
SI 5%
(%)
t
P
Week 0
23,73 ± 3,27
24,20 ± 2,72
0,424
0,674
Week 1
33,40 ± 5,68
40,37 ± 14,71
2,864
0,008
Week 2
49,07 ± 6,36
60,60 ± 9,23
2,787
0,009
Week 3
34,87 ±4,22
47,63 ± 8,45
5,234
0,000
Table 7 above, shows that at the location of the upper limbs there is a significant difference
in mean skin hydration in 2 groups with independent-t test after 1 week of using moisturizer
(week 1), 2 weeks of using moisturizer (week 2) and after a week of stopping it (week 3)
(p < 0.05).
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Volume 2 Number 8, August 2022
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4. Lower Limb
Table 8 Differences in the mean skin hydration of the lower limbs in the control and
treatment groups
Research time
Control
(%)
SI 5%
(%)
t
P
Week 0
22,00±2,13
22,60±3,23
0,600
0,553
Week 1
31,43±3,90
34,10±5,91
1,460
0,156
Week 2
41,57±6,95
49,77±10,21
2,570
0,016
Week 3
30,53±4,30
42,33±7,69
5,190
0,000
Table 8 above, shows that at the location of the lower limbs there is a significant
difference in mean skin hydration in the 2 groups with the t-independent test after 2 weeks
of using moisturizer (week 2) and after a week of stopping it (week 3) (p < 0.05 ).
Differences in Skin Hydration between Locations on Week 0 – Week 3
1. Upper Arm
Based on the measurement data, the mean skin hydration of the upper arm at week
0 – week 3 in the control group and the 5% SI group is presented in Figure 2 below:
Figure 3 Average Skin Hydration of the Upper Arm Week 0 – Week 3
2. Forearm
The mean forearm skin hydration at week 0 – week 3 in the control group and the
5% SI group is presented in Figure 3 below.
28.5
43.1
71.3
57.4
26.2
39.8
61.8
42.1
Nilai Awal Minggu 1 Minggu 2 Minggu 3
Upper Arm
Perlakuan Kontrol
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Addition of 5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases Skin
Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers 1.545
Figure 4 Average forearm Skin Hydration Week 0 – Week 3
3. Upper Limb
The mean skin hydration of the upper limbs at week 0 – week 3 in the control group
and the 5% SI group is presented in Figure 4 below.
Figure 5 Average Skin Hydration of the Upper Limb Week 0 – Week 3
4. Lower Limb
The mean skin hydration of the lower limbs at week 0 – week 3 in the control group
and the 5% SI group is presented in Figure 5 below.
26.6
41.9
63.9
53.1
25.6
37.3
54.7
37.9
Nilai Awal Minggu 1 Minggu 2 Minggu 3
Forearm
Perlakuan Kontrol
23.7
33.4
49.1
30.5
24.3
40.4
60.6
47.7
Nilai awal Minggu 1 Minggu 2 Minggu 3
Upper Limb
Perlakuan Kontrol
Eduvest –Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8, August 2022
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Figure 6 Average Skin Hydration of the Lower Limb Week 0 – Week 3
From the data above, the percentage increase in skin hydration in the SI group is 5%
compared to the control group every week of measurement at each location, as follows
(Figure 6):
Figure 7. The Average Percentage of Increased Skin Hydration in the SI Group 5%
Compared to the Control Group
Since the beginning of the measurement (before the use of moisturizer) there are
differences in skin hydration at each measurement location. Presented in Figures 7 and 8.
22.6
34.1
49.8
42.3
22.0
31.4
41.6
30.5
Nilai Awal Minggu 1 Minggu 2 Minggu 3
Lower Limb
Perlakuan Kontrol
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
week 1 week 2 week 3
8
15
36
12
16
40
20
24
36
8
19
38
Percentage
increase
skin hydration
Measurement Time
Upper Arm
Forearm
Upper Leg
Lower Leg
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Addition of 5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases Skin
Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers 1.547
Figure 8 Skin Hydration at the Measurement Location of the Control Group
Figure 9 Skin Hydration at the SI Group Measurement Location 5%
26.2
39.8
61.8
42.1
25.6
37.3
54.7
37.9
23.7
43.4
49.1
34.9
22.0
31.4
41.6
30.5
Nilai
Awal
Minggu 1 Minggu 2 Minggu 3
Regular Moisturizer
Lengan Atas Lengan bawah
Tungkai Atas Tungkai Bawah
28.5
43.1
71.3
57.4
26.6
41.9
63.9
53.1
24.2
40.4
60.6
47.6
22.6
34.1
49.8
42.3
Nilai Awal Minggu 1 Minggu 2 Minggu 3
Saccharide isomerate 5%
Lengan Atas Lengan bawah
Tungkai Atas Tungkai Bawah
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Analysis of Significance with One Way Anova Test
From the results of skin hydration measurements at the four measurement
locations, differences were found since the beginning of the study. For this reason, a
significance analysis was carried out on the difference in the percentage of skin hydration
at each measurement location using the One Way Anova test. Analyzes were carried out in
both the control group and the 5% SI group from the start of the moisturizer use (0-week
3) until the week of stopping the moisturizer.
1. Regular moisturizer (Control)
Table 9 Average Skin Hydration for the Four Measurement Locations Every Week in the
Control Group
Source of variation
SS
df
SB
F
P
week 0
Between Groups
164,479
3
54,826
7,139
0,000
Within Groups
430,067
56
7,680
Total
594,546
59
week 1
637,683
3
212,561
8,868
0,000
Between Groups
1342,300
56
23,970
Within Groups
1979,983
59
week 2
Total
3306,112
3
1102,037
27,216
0,000
2267,600
56
40,493
Between Groups
5573,712
59
week 0
Within Groups
1068,317
3
356,106
12,809
0,000
Total
1556,833
56
27,801
2625,150
59
Table 9 above shows that: the mean skin hydration of the control group at each location
and every week of measurement analyzed by One Way Anova test showed a significant
difference (p < 0.05).
2. Moisturizer with SI 5%
Table 10 Average Skin Hydration of the Four Measurement Locations Every Week in the
SI group 5%
Source of variation
SS
df
SB
F
P
week 0
Between
Groups
302,746
3
100,915
8,385
0,000
Within Groups
673,967
56
12,035
Total
976,712
59
week 1
722,633
3
240,878
4,606
0,006
Between
Groups
2928,300
56
52,291
Within Groups
3650,933
59
week 2
Total
3603,033
3
1202.011
9,204
0,000
7313,367
56
130,596
Between
10919,400
59
Dian Andriani Ratna Dewi, Wimpie Pangkahila
Addition of 5% Saccharide Isomerates in Moisturizing Formulation Increases Skin
Hydration Higher than Regular Moisturizers 1.549
Groups
Within Groups
1940.700
3
646,900
9,207
0,000
Total
3934,733
56
70,207
5875,433
59
Table 10 above shows that: the mean skin hydration of the SI group was 5% at each
location and every week the measurements were analyzed using the One Way Anova test
showing a significant difference (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, it can be concluded that the addition of 5% saccharide
isomerates in the formulation for moisturizers can increase skin hydration higher and can
maintain higher skin hydration after discontinuation of administration compared to
ordinary moisturizers. The results can be seen in this study that saccharide isomerates is
one of the formulas that can be used in preventing skin aging. However, further research is
needed to determine the mechanism of action of saccharide isomerates, especially in terms
of signal transmission between cells in the skin moisturizing mechanism.
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