How to cite:
Mulyadi. (2022). Push And Pull Factors for People Living in the
Mountains of Arfak in Manokwari City. Journal of Eduvest . Vol 2 (8):
1,597-1.608
E-ISSN:
2775-3727
Published by:
https://greenpublisher.id/
Eduvest –Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8, August, 2022
p-ISSN 2775-3735-e-ISSN 2775-3727
PUSH AND PULL FACTORS FOR PEOPLE LIVING IN THE
MOUNTAINS OF ARFAK IN MANOKWARI CITY
A BSTRACT
This study aims to determine 1) the characteristics of the people of
Arfak who migrated to the city of Manokwari ; 2) the driving factors
for the migration of the Arfak people from their home villages, and
3) the pull factors for the migration of the Arfak people to the city of
Manokwari . To obtain data, the study used a descriptive approach
through survey activities to the Arfak community living in the city of
Manokwari as a case. The case of this research is the mobility or
migration of the Arfak community as the main ethnic group in
Manokwari Regency. The results showed that the main driving force
behind Arfak mountain residents leaving their villages was economic
factors, namely in their home villages they did not have adequate
educational facilities, limited employment opportunities only relied
on agriculture and forest labor, transportation and communication
facilities were still lacking , the price of goods was limited. basic
necessities are expensive, and the fear of being attacked by suanggi
. Meanwhile, the issue of differences of opinion within the church,
land disputes, and cold weather conditions do not always have an
effect. While the main pull factor so that Arfak residents are
interested in moving to the city of Manokwari are because the
reasons in the city are good health and education facilities and
services, available jobs, easy access to government, and guaranteed
security.
KEYWORDS
Push, Pull, Migration, Arfak Mountain People, Settle Down
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
ShareAlike 4.0 International
INTRODUCTION
Manokwari City as the capital of Manokwari Regency and West Papua Province -
- consisting of West Manokwari, East Manokwari, and South Manokwari Districts , has
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heterogeneous population characteristics based on origins and ethnicities which can be
categorized into three parts , namely (1) indigenous people represented by the artifacts
community , (2) migrants from outside Manokwari consist of the Biak, Serui, Sorong,
Fakfak, Waropen, Jayapura tribes and tribes from Puncak Jaya or the Central Mountains ,
and (3) immigrants from outside Papua which are dominated by ethnic groups . Java, Bugis-
Makassar, Buton, Toraja, Maluku, Manado, Nusa Tenggara (NTB and NTT), as well as
Chinese descent (Endaryanto et al., 2015)
The heterogeneity and composition of the population indicate that there has been
mobility or migration of the population in Manokwari through transmigration and
urbanization. (Renwick et al., 2013) explains that the main motivation for people to move
from their area (rural) to urban areas is mainly economic motives. For example, expect to
get a job and earn a higher income than in the villages. Thus, Robert and Smith (1977) in
(Hossain, 2001) that the unequal employment and agricultural income in rural areas is the
motivation of rural to urban migration.
The Arfak community or known as the artifacts Outback Tribe as the subject of this
research consists of the Hatam , Meyah , Moile , Sougb and Mpur sub- tribes as tribes that
have dominant territorial areas or customary rights in the mountainous areas of Manokwari
Regency such as Anggi, Minyambow , Ransiki , Warmare and kebar . while the people of
artifacts who live in Manokwari City are mostly the result of resettlement – resettlement of
residents due to social conflict / tribal wars , namely the AMD (Abri Entering Village )
program in collaboration with the Manokwari District Social Services.
Finally, the urbanization of the artifacts community has occurred since 2000 when
the Regent of Manokwari was occupied by the native son of Arfak (Tuharea et al., 2017) ,
Drs. Dominggus Mandacan through the policy of empowering Arfak's sons and daughters
through education, becoming civil servants and self-employed (Chant, 1998; Heering et al.,
2004). Families who have settled in Manokwari City are often used as temporary residences
while studying and temporary shelters when they visit or go down to the city . (Sunarso,
2018) research states that the people of Arfak in Manokwari City live in groups based on
sub- tribes in the Wosi (50%), Sanggeng (25%), and Amban (25%), work mainly as farmers
and raise pigs as a side jobs. Meanwhile, migrants (non- Papuans) migrants such as Bugis-
Makassar, Butonse, Javanese and Chinese descendants dominate the trade economy sectors
(Hadi, 2021; Indrawati et al., 2022; Ronsumbre & Huwae, 2022).
Since the 2001 Papua Special Autonomy Law (Otsus) came into effect it is inevitable
that a regional dichotomy has emerged in each tribe in Manokwari (Juliannisa & Siswantini,
2020). Every local government policy regarding development must refer to local
indigenous tribes who are categorized as still very underdeveloped in the economic field
and in the quality of human resources (al Jawali et al., 2022; Lakitan, 2013; Sutarno et al.,
2017). So, it is not uncommon to cause jealousy and at the same time social tensions
between tribes (Manokwari and non-Manokwari, and Papuan and non- Papuans) in
Manokwari City. for the purposes of planning and structuring development in Manokwari
Regency, complete information is needed about the factors causing migration (migration)
of the indigenous artifacts people living in Manokwari City.
This study aims to identify the factors that cause the people of artifacts to migrate to
the city of Manokwari. from these general objectives , the specific objectives of the research
can be obtained , namely to obtain information about : (1) Characteristics of the artifacts
community who migrated to the city of Manokwari; (2) Knowing the factors driving the
migration of the artifacts people from their home villages , and (3) Knowing the pulling
factors for the migration of the artifacts people to the city of Manokwari .
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RESEARCH METHOD
This study uses a descriptive approach through survey activities to the people of
Arfak who live in the city of Manokwari as a case. The case of this research is the mobility
or migration of the Arfak community as the main ethnic group in Manokwari Regency.
Data collection lasts one month (5 May-5 June 2022).
The population of this study is the Arfak community or tribe living in the city of
Manokwari and the villages of origin of the Arfak community such as: Warmare , Masni ,
Ransiki , Orasbari , Minyambouw and Anggi districts. Sampling was carried out by means
of a snow ball, namely by meeting one respondent and then from that respondent
information was extracted about the existence of other respondents, in a chain to the next
respondent. Sampling was 80 respondents in Manokwari City (West Manokwari , East
Manokwari , and South Manokwari Districts).
Data were collected from primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained
through interviews and direct observation using a questionnaire. The results of the
quantitative analysis were then carried out with qualitative confirmation by in-depth
interviews with key sources such as tribal chiefs, village heads, and local religious leaders.
Secondary data in the form of general conditions of origin and destination and other
information related to the migration of the Arfak tribe obtained from relevant agencies and
other community institutions.
The variables observed in this study were: (1) individual characteristics of the Arfak
community who migrated to the city of Manokwari (age, gender, education, length of stay,
number of family members, occupation, status of residence); (2) The driving factors for
migration or problems in the area of origin (politics, social society, religion/belief,
economy, and other reasons), and (3) Pulling factors for migrating to the city of Manokwari
(political, social, religious/trust, economics, and other reasons).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characteristics of Arfak Migrants
Characteristics of age, year of migration and choice of occupation of the Arfak
community who migrated to Manokwari City can be seen in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Frequency distribution of respondents by age level, year of residence,
and livelihood
Age Level
Amount
%
17 – 25 yrs
6
8
26 – 45 yrs
61
76
46 – 60 yrs
13
16
Amount
80
100
Years of Living in Manokwari
Amount
%
Before 1969
8
10
1970 – 1979
5
6
1980 – 1989
8
10
1990 – 1999
9
11
2000 – 2009
16
20
2010 – 2020
34
43
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Amount
80
100
Livelihood
Amount
%
Self-employed
5
6
Labor/Farmers
5
6
Doesn't work
6
8
Honorarium
4
5
civil servant
60
75
Amount
80
100
Of the three age categories, Arfak residents migrated to Manokwari City, showing
that the majority in the age range of 26-45 years (76%) are young people. This shows that
they are still at a young productive age towards stability in terms of carrying out activities
of daily living. Deciding to migrate ten years ago (2010-2020) the age factor was taken into
consideration. Living in a dynamic and competitive big city requires strong physical and
mental conditions to respond to competition between individuals and community groups.
Experts state that life activities are influenced by age. The older a person is, the lower his
productivity.
The table above can also explain that the movement of the Arfak community had
occurred before 1970 to 1999 (11%), but experienced a decline of 6 percent in the 1970s
period. The small number of migrations in the 1970s is thought to be related to the military
operation carried out by ABRI to control security which lasted from 1965 to 1984, known
as the Kebar and Arfai Manokwari incident ( Djopari , 1993). Many Arfak people have fled
to the forests or mountains around Manokwari. Returned to the city of Manokwari after
being declared safe in the 1980s. Migration flows began to move up in the period 2000-
2009 as much as 20 percent after the Regent of Manokwari was held by Drs. Dominggus
Mandacan , the native son of Arfak , who was previously led by figures from outside the
tribe. The second period (2000–2009) the leadership of the Arfak figure further increased
the number of migrations of the Arfak community (20%). Continuing in 2010-2020,
Manokwari Regency is led by a new generation of Arfak Demas Paulus Mandacan while
Dominggus Mandacan becomes Governor of West Papua increasing the number (43%) of
Arfak people living in Manokwari.
From this data, it can be explained that during the reformation era which was marked
by the birth of the Special Autonomy for Papua (2001), the awareness of indigenous people
about their rights to life, especially freedom of speech and association, was increasing to
participate in development. This can be seen that more and more young Arfak figures are
born who choose to become civil servants who hold positions in SKPD (Local Government
Work Units) which reach 75 percent. The rest work as entrepreneurs, farm laborers,
honorarium, and have not got a job about 8 percent. Choosing to become a civil servant is
the main choice because of the opening of opportunities and very supportive of meeting
the needs of the family. Being a civil servant is a pride for the Arfak family who can help
their other brothers and sisters. While the business sector has not been penetrated by the
Arfak community , more are carried out by other ethnic groups such as the Bugis-Makassar,
Buton and Javanese.
From the discussion above, it can be explained that the security situation, local
leadership, and being a civil servant are opportunities for the migration of the Arfak
community from the village/village to the city of Manokwari.
When viewed from the origins and ethnicity of the Arfak people who migrated, it
can be seen in Table 2 below.
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Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Region and Ethnic Origin
District (District)
Amount
%
Ransiki (South Manokwari Regency)
8
10
Kebar (Kabupaten Tambrauw )
16
20
Anggi (Regency of Arfak Mountains )
10
13
Warmare
10
13
Masni
7
9
Minyambow ( Arfak Mountains District )
22
27
Testega (Regency of Arfak Mountains )
7
9
Amount
80
100
Ethnic group
Amount
%
meyah
15
18
Hatam
16
20
Moile
8
10
Sougb
18
23
MPur
23
29
Amount
80
100
From Table 2 above, it can be explained that the origins of the Arfak people who
migrate are mostly from Minyambow District/Sub-district, Arfak Mountains Regency
(27%). Minyambow is located above the Arfak Mountains (1400 masl ), cold temperatures
of 12-20 degrees Celsius , the main livelihoods are shifting field farmers and raising pigs.
Agricultural products to meet basic food needs such as sweet potatoes , while vegetables
such as leeks, carrots, potatoes, and mustard greens are sold to Manokwari city, which is
60 km away via partially unpaved roads. It can be stated that the residents of Minyambow
have high mobility in selling and shopping activities in the city of Manokwari, followed by
residents of Kebar (20%), Warmare and Anggi (13%). Meanwhile, 9 percent of Masni and
Testega residents each migrated to the city of Manokwari. As stated by Mantra (2000), that
population mobilization is influenced by economic mobility in an area such as trade
activities.
Judging from the ethnic groups that migrated to the city of Manokwari, of the five
ethnic groups, the most are the Mpur (29%), followed by the Sougb (23%), Hatam (20%),
Meyah (18%), and the Moile (10) . %). The large number of Mpur tribes in Manokwari
because they are reluctant to be under the government of the New Tambrauw Regency for
reasons that are rarely far away. According to Apomfires and Sapulete (1994) the five tribes
have been inhabiting the area for generations with clear territorial divisions. The Hatam
tribe is the largest inhabiting the northern Arfak mountain area or in the Warmare and Prafi
Districts , they are often called the original Arfak people. While the Sougb tribe is an
outsider in the southern part around the Anggi District. The Mpur are scattered in the
eastern part of the Arfak Mountains or in the Kebar District , while the Moile are spread
out in the Minyambow District . However, currently with the mobility of each tribe, such
as migration to the city of Manokwari, there has been mixed marriage between tribes within
the Arfak tribal group, thus affecting the composition and diversity of the population in the
villages in the Arfak community . The Mpur tribe is separated from four other tribes (
Meyah , Hatam , Moiled and Sougb ) in the easternmost part, approaching Sorong Regency
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( Meibrat ) and Teluk Bintuni Regency. In the past, each village was inhabited by one tribe,
but now there are several families who come from other tribes, for example the Warbiadi
village there are the Sougb and Moile tribes which used to be only inhabited by the Hatam
tribe .
From the data of origin and ethnicity mentioned above, it can be explained that the
migration pattern is influenced by the mobility of community trade and the dominance of
tribes (the most influential) such as the Minyambow community through trading activities,
and the Sougb and Hatam tribes are the dominant tribes in Manokwari.
The characteristics of education, income, and place of residence for the migration of
the Arfak community in Manokwari can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3. Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Education Level, Income
and Residence
Level of education
Amount
%
Not completed in primary
school
3
4
SD
10
13
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
5
5
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
12
15
D3
3
4
S1
44
55
S2
3
4
Amount
80
100
Income Level
Amount
%
500,000
12
15
550,000 – 1,500,000
16
20
1,650,000 – 2,500,000
24
30
3,000,000
28
35
Amount
80
100
Residence
Amount
%
Rent a house
7
9
Riding in the family
16
20
One's own
57
71
Amount
80
100
From Table 3 above, it can be seen that the average education of the Arfak
community in the city of Manokwari is on average a high school education or bachelor's
degree (55%) and some even have a master's degree (4%). Next, the education level is SMA
(15%), elementary school (13%), junior high school (5%) and the remaining 4% each
graduated from elementary school and dropped out of school. The relatively high level of
education to bachelor's degree for Arfak residents in the city of Manokwari is a requirement
that working as civil servants mostly requires a bachelor's level of education. In the
leadership of the Regent of Manokwari, Dominggus Mandacan (2000-2010) he had a
policy of improving the quality of human resources for Arfak 's children by providing
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scholarships, sending lectures outside Manokwari, building dormitory facilities in cities
where Arfak 's sons pursue higher education. The results can be seen that currently around
75% of Arfak residents are absorbed as civil servants in the city of Manokwari.
When asked how much does Arfak residents earn each month living in Manokwari?
From the table above, it can be explained that 35% answered that they had an income of
more than 3 million rupiah. 30% moderate incomes of 1.5 million to 2.5 million, and 15%
of low incomes below 500,000 rupiah. This shows that in the period 2000-2010 the income
level of the Arfak community was obtained by working as a civil servant, but it is not
known to what extent this income is used productively to support a family of about 6 people
(Mulyadi, 2012).
The high level of income above affects the ownership of residence or housing for
Arfak residents in Manokwari, namely 71%. The remaining 20% are still living with their
families, and 9% are renting or renting houses. The residences of the Arfak people in the
city of Manokwari are spread in groups according to ethnicity or origin, mostly in Wosi
(AMD, Lembah Hijau, Taman Ria and Rendani ) villages, the rest in Reremi Palapa,
Fanindi , Anggori , and Manggoapi-Amban .
Driving Factors for Migration from Arfak Outback
After analyzing the 12 variables driving factors from the area of origin of the Arfak
people to migrate, it is revealed that the main driving factors and supporting factors are
shown in Table 4 below.
Table 4. Distribution of Scores for the Causes of Migration Drivers from Areas of
Origin
No.
Main Driving Factors
Score
Supporting Driving Factors
Score
1.
No further education
facilities
65
No entertainment facilities
22
2.
The number of items is less
and the price is high
55
Local political problems
Problems with customary
demands
17
3.
No means of transportation
41
The problem of customary
claims
16
4.
Fear of Suanggi
39
Cold weather
15
5.
No job
38
Indigenous land issues
14
6.
No means of communication
37
Differences in religious
understanding
12
The data in Table 4 shows that the main driving factors for movers moving from
their area of origin to Manokwari as a destination area are as follows: 1) no further
education facilities; 2) less consumption of goods and high prices; 3) there is no adequate
means of transportation; 4) fear of suanggi ; 5), there is no job opportunity and 6) there is
no means of communication.
Educational problems in mountainous areas In general, Arfak is very worrying, it is
only available at the elementary school level, while the junior high school level is still in
pilot form. For high school and college levels are not yet available. Recently, the
government has continued to build school buildings such as elementary schools, but is
dealing with an inadequate number and relevance of teachers. One school with 6 groups is
only taught by an average of 2 teachers. That is why elementary schools in Manokwari
villages run multiple classes, namely combining 2 or 3 classes into one class such as grades
1 and 2, grades 3 and 4, and grades 5 and 6 into one class. Or grades 1, 2, and 3 are made
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into one class and grades 4, 5, and 6 become one class. Likewise, teaching media facilities
such as textbooks are only owned by teachers while students only hold notebooks. From
the author's observations, teachers who have been placed in the interior mostly leave their
assignments for unclear reasons so that more students do not study. Several districts/sub-
districts have built junior high schools, but the same thing is the shortage of teachers and
learning facilities and teacher competencies. The teachers are mostly honorary teachers
who only have a high school diploma and graduate Christian teachers who also teach
general subjects. That is why during the 1990s until now, most of the community members
transferred or sent their children to secondary schools such as junior high schools, high
schools and universities in the city of Manokwari. As a result, the quality of education in
the interior of Manokwari is very low. Therefore, they decided to move to the city of
Manokwari since 1965 until now.
Apart from education problems, a prominent factor that causes them to move to the
city is that there are still few basic necessities and the price is relatively expensive up to
100% of the price in the city. Furthermore, the lack of employment opportunities other than
only working in agriculture, namely shifting cultivation and subsistence (for the needs of
daily life). Most of the parents who work in the gardens/fields are assisted by their children
who are still in elementary school. The younger generation is more likely to go to
Manokwari city to continue their education, work, join families who have already gone to
Manokwari city.
Transportation and communication problems also affect the mobility of the
population in the interior of Manokwari. In the 1970-1990s transportation was only on foot
or by plane to get to the village from the sub-district and city of Manokwari. Massive
geographical conditions, sparse and expensive transportation, so during the 1990s many
inland residents chose to settle in Manokwari. In the 2000s, several districts were already
accessible by land vehicles such as Minyambow , Anggi, and Kebar using multiple- axle
vehicles such as hardtops and rangers , but the cost was still relatively high. The difficulty
of transportation and communication causes the price of basic goods to be very high and
difficult to obtain.
As with the external problems mentioned above, socio-cultural factors that lead to
inter-tribal conflicts are the reason why Arfak residents choose to avoid or move to
Manokwari city. Conflicts or hostilities usually end in death, which according to Arfak
people's belief is carried out by Suanggi . The definition of a suanggi is an errand person
or assassin who secretly uses traditional herbal medicines which causes the target to die
suddenly and strangely ( Wambraw , 1995). The above factors simultaneously influence
the decision of these migrants/ movers to move to the city of Manokwari.
In addition to the main driving factors mentioned above, migrants are also influenced
by other factors, which in this study are called supporting factors that have a relatively
small effect. The supporting factors are as follows: 1) lack of entertainment; 2) the issue of
customary claims; 3) local political issues; 4) cold weather; 5) customary land issues, and
6) religious differences.
The condition of the village/village in Manokwari is that they still live a simple life
and are routinely looking for daily food ingredients in the garden and hunting wild animals
in the forest. People's entertainment is rarely held, unless there is a celebration by people
who have a higher social level, such as tribal chiefs who carry out traditional wedding
parties by presenting dance entertainment. Some houses of residents who can afford already
have televisions using parabolic antennas , which can only be used when the village
electricity is on. The absence of entertainment in the village influences the residents to seek
entertainment in the city. Likewise, customary disputes or conflicts occasionally occur, for
example due to land boundaries and tenure, regional head elections, cold weather, and
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disagreements within the church also influence residents to avoid going to the city of
Manokwari. Although the scores obtained from the six supporting factors are small, they
accumulate to strengthen a person to leave the village and go to the city of Manokwari.
From the discussion above, it can be concluded temporarily that the main driving
force behind the residents of the Arfak mountains to leave their villages is because in their
home villages they do not yet have adequate educational facilities, lack of basic necessities
and expensive prices, lack of transportation and communication facilities, relying on the
field. limited work only agriculture and labor in the forest, and the fear of attack suanggi .
Meanwhile, the issue of differences of opinion within the church, land disputes, and cold
weather conditions do not always have an effect.
Pull Factors for Migration to Manokwari City
Migration is not only faced with problems that exist in the area of origin, but the pull
factors to the city of Manokwari have been identified in the study, namely the main pull
factors and supporting pull factors (Table 5).
Table 5. Distribution of Pull Factor Scores for Arfak People Migrating to
Manokwari City
No.
Main Pull Factor
Score
Supporting Pull Factors
Score
1.
Good health facilities and
services
95
Good communication media
facilities
82
2.
Complete educational
facilities
94
Following the family that is
already in Manokwari city
80
3.
Easy to socialize with other
people
93
Electric lighting and clean
water are available
75
4.
Security guarantee
87
Cheap price
73
5.
Easy to get a job
85
Good transportation
facilities
72
6.
Close to government/regent
services
83
No / free from customary
problems
61
Main Pull Factor
Of the 12 variables proposed as pull factors or the attraction of migrating to the city
of Manokwari, the following 6 main pull factors can be identified: 1) good health facilities
and services; 2) complete educational facilities; 3) ease of socializing with other people; 4)
security guarantee; 5) easy to get a job, and 6) close to government services or the Regent.
That is, the factor of complete facilities and guarantees of security and work is the power
of attraction for someone to move to the city of Manokwari.
The first factor is health facilities. Manokwari as the Capital of the Province and
Regency, has provided health infrastructure facilities with good services ranging from
Puskesmas to hospitals that can handle minor to severe surgeries and patients can be
hospitalized. There are three major hospitals in the city of Manokwari that have inpatient
services such as RSUD, RSAL, and RSAD. There are also facilities for practicing doctors
and pharmacies that sell complete medicines. Health services are even closer with the
existence of large health centers such as Sanggeng , Wosi, and Amban health centers . This
shows that the people of Arfak are very aware that health is an important factor in their
lives, especially the healing of Papua 's endemic diseases such as malaria and maternal and
child health (Kambuaya and Mulyadi, 2011).
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Second, the availability of educational facilities ranging from kindergarten,
elementary, junior high, high school / vocational school to university levels in Manokwari
city is the main attraction for Arfak community members to choose to move to Manokwari
city. In Manokwari, there are many schools with good quality or accreditation, such as TK
Pertiwi, SD 01 in Kota, 06 Sanggeng , Yapis 02, SD Padma; SMP Negeri 06 is a National
Standard School ; SMA Negeri 1 as RSBI, and various vocational majors. Likewise, there
are many universities to accommodate prospective high school graduates such as UNIPA,
STIH, STIE Mah- Eisa , STKIP Muhammadiyah, STT Erikson Tritts . Manokwari has long
been known as the City of Education in Papua with the existence of state universities such
as Faperta Uncen (1963), SMEAN (1964) and SMAN (1964) Manokwari and the existence
of research institutions. With the existence of the university, there are now fewer Arfak
children to continue their education outside Manokwari, such as to Manado and Yogyakarta
as Arfak 's children have chosen so far. As a result of the availability of higher education
institutions in Manokwari, now many (55%) have bachelor's degrees and even master's
degrees (4%). The level of education also affects employment where 75% are accepted or
absorbed as Civil Servants in the city of Manokwari, both as employees in the province and
in the district.
The third factor as the main attraction for the Arfak community to move to the city
of Manokwari is the ease of socializing both within the Arfak tribes ( Hatam , Meyah ,
Moile , Sougb , and Mpur ) as well as with other migrant tribes (Coastal people with
immigrants from outside Papua). ). It could be said that the people of Arfak came out of
limited intimacy or were bound by tribes into an atmosphere of loose social relations from
various ethnic groups in the city. Therefore, according to Liliweri (2001), it takes the
adaptability of a society to be able to integrate, socialize, and socialize with people outside
the tribe and the ideology it adheres to. Social interaction in Manokwari can take place in
markets, malls, offices, and schools as well as in lecture venues.
Security guarantees are very important for Arfak residents who live in Manokwari.
From the narrative of a key resource person (Head of the Minyambow Tribe ) the people
of Arfak were very traumatized by the military operations carried out by ABRI from 1965
to 1984 in which many of its citizens died. Also, customary claims or disputes that often
occur usually end in hostility and killing each other. The mysterious murder that is often
called Suanggi very feared by the people of Arfak . Life in the city is orderly and safe
because it is guarded by the police who are ready to report any threats like the ones
mentioned above.
Another major pull factor is that in the city it is easier to get a job, especially as a
civil servant and is supported by emotional closeness with the Regent of Manokwari
Dominggus Mandacan (2000-2010) who is the native son of Arfak and the son of the Arfak
Tribal Chief. Lodwick Mandacan (deceased) who still has an influence on the people of
Arfak . The Manokwari Regional Government's policy through Otsus Papua towards the
acceptance of civil servants is given more opportunities to the sons of the native Manokwari
area or the Arfak community. According to Tjiptoherijanto (1999), he suspects that regional
autonomy accelerates the mobility of the population to participate in the social, economic
and cultural development of a region. Likewise, other matters related to government
agencies, such as managing the problem of financing development in the village, the
community tends to take care directly to the agencies in the city, especially the Manokwari
Regent's Office. In some cases, employees who work in the village choose the length of
stay and even have a house in the city for reasons of taking care of salaries, offices, medical
treatment, and so on.
In addition to the main pull factors above, in this study also identified factors that
support Arfak residents migrating in the city of Manokwari as follows: 1) availability of
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8 , August 2022
1,607 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
communication facilities; 2) follow a family who has previously lived in Manokwari; 3)
availability of electric lighting and clean water for 24 hours; 4) availability and low price
of goods; 5) availability of means of transportation, and 6) regardless of customary issues.
The communication factor through various media supports the movement of
residents to the city of Manokwari. The presence of local mass media (newspapers, West
Papua TV, and RRI), cell phones (HP), and the internet made it easier for Arfak people to
get information. They are used to communicating with anyone and wherever they are using
cell phones as long as there is a signal.
The following factors that support the following for migration to the city of
Manokwari are following families who have previously lived in Manokwari. Seeing many
relatives who have succeeded in living an established life in the city makes others interested
or interesting to join in living together in the city even though it was preceded by staying
at the family house (20%) and renting a house (9%). For the people of Arfak , they live
together or in groups in one very dominant house which is filled with 3-6 family members,
before they get a permanent job.
Availability of electric lighting and clean water facilities; the price of cheap goods;
the availability of all-day transportation in the city also supports the interest of Arfak
residents to choose to live in the city of Manokwari. Unlike in the village, the electric
lighting is limited, which is only on for 5 hours and often doesn't work. The availability of
public transportation/taxi and motorcycle taxis really helps the mobility of Arfak residents
in Manokwari. Likewise, the necessities of life are always available 24 hours and the price
is cheaper than in the village.
Meanwhile, the problem of breaking free from traditional/customary ties has so far
not been a big support for being interested in living in Manokwari. This shows that the
residents of Arfak in Manokwari, although still living in the city, still maintain the customs
or traditions that they have in the village. Some of them have been quite successful in
having a house, a job, educating their children, etc. quite successfully . This process follows
and is in accordance with Mitchell's (1961) theory, that some of these movers often send
money, goods and information back to their village ( Remitan ).
Arfak residents are interested in moving to the city of Manokwari are for
reasons that the city has good health and education facilities and services, available
employment opportunities, easy access to government, and guaranteed security.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion above, the research on Determining Factors of
the Arfak Mountains Community Migration to the City of Manokwari can be concluded
that the prominent characteristics revealed to the residents of the Arfak Mountains
community living in the city of Manokwari are that they have migrated since the 1960s,
mostly in the period 2010-2020. Most of them come from the Minyambow District or
District of the Arfak and Kebar Mountains, namely the Sougb and Hatam tribes. Productive
age 25-45 years, has an average education level of a bachelor and works as a civil servant
(PNS), has a well-established life because he has an income of more than 3 million rupiah
/ month and has his own house. The main drivers of Arfak mountain residents leaving their
villages are economic factors, namely in their home villages they do not yet have adequate
educational facilities, limited employment opportunities only rely on agriculture and forest
labor, transportation and communication facilities are still lacking, prices for basic
necessities are expensive, and fear of suanggi attacks. Meanwhile, the issue of differences
of opinion within the church, land disputes, and cold weather conditions do not always have
an effect. Meanwhile, the main pull factor so that the people of Arfak are interested in
Mulyadi
Push And Pull Factors for People Living in the Mountains of Arfak in Manokwari City
1,608
moving to the city of Manokwari are due to the reasons that the city has good health and
education facilities and services, available jobs, easy access to government, and guaranteed
security.
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