MANDATORY DISCLOSURE OF SAK ETAP IN MIMETIC AND NORMATIVE ISOMORPHISM PERSPECTIVE ON REAL SECTOR COOPERATIVES IN INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the effect of Institutional Isomorphism on mandatory disclosure with Financial Accounting Standards for Entities Without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP). The level of mandatory disclosures, measured by an unweighted of 88 disclosure items. The results of the study on 195 real sector cooperatives showed that the level of mandatory disclosure is 31.4%, the highest is 59.4%, and the lowest is 7.5%. Multiple regression analysis shows that information technology, audit types, and entity size, have a significant effect on Mandatory Disclosure of SAK ETAP, while industry types have an moderat significant effect. The theoretical contribution is to provide insight into the use of mimetic and normative isomorphism in explaining mandatory disclosures, while stakeholders can provide for considering policy and decision making regarding the implementation of financial reporting based on SAK ETAP.


INTRODUCTION
are the largest business units in Indonesia, which is around 98.8%, absorbs 97.0% of the national workforce (Prima, 2018), and contributes to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 57.8% (Kompas, 2018).
Cooperatives have a strategic role in the economy in Indonesia, improving the welfare of the lower middle class people, however, most cooperatives in Indonesia are still in the SME category, the development of the last five years according to the Ministry of Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises (Kemenkop UKM) is shown in Table 1. The number of cooperatives in Indonesia from 2014 to 2018 experienced a relatively low growth, which was around 0.2% per year, while the number of active cooperatives in Indonesia tended to decrease, although it had increased in 2015 and 2016, which decreased by around 14.2%. per year. The number of active cooperatives in 2018 was only around 60.2% compared to all cooperatives in Indonesia, this is the lowest in the last five years.
The number of cooperatives that have conducted RAT over the last five years is 35.9% of active cooperatives, or 24.8% of all cooperatives in Indonesia. Cooperatives that held the lowest annual member meeting in 2017 were 24,941 or 16.4% of active cooperatives. This condition is very concerning, even though every cooperative is required to hold a member meeting at least once a year, as has been stipulated in the Minister of Cooperatives and SMEs Number 19/PER/M.KUKM/IX/2015 concerning the Organization of Cooperative Member Meetings.
The contribution of cooperatives to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is always increasing, namely in 2016 by 4.0%, an increase compared to 2014 at 1.7%, and in 2018 increasing to 4.5%. However, it is still lower than cooperatives in countries that are members of the Asean Cooperative Organization (ACO), such as: Malaysia 5.0%, Thailand 7.0%, and Singapore 10.0% (Azzura, 2018).
The cause of cooperatives not doing RAT is due to the lack of awareness of management and supervisors on the importance of RAT and lack of understanding in preparing financial reports (Faisal, 2018). According to (Sumarwan, 2018), financial statements are a key part of the RAT and not only financial reports but also sufficient disclosures to increase transparency and accountability.
The problem of financial reporting for Cooperatives and SMEs is actually an international issue, several countries and international organizations have simplified financial reporting requirements as a solution to these problems (Ploybut, 2012 (IAI, 2014). In response to this, the government through the ministry of cooperatives and SMEs issued Minister of Cooperatives and SMEs Regulation Number 4 of 2012 which was updated Number 12 of 2015 concerning General Guidelines for Accounting for Real Sector Cooperatives, which requires real sector cooperatives (not having significant public accountability) in Indonesia to prepare financial statements refer to SAK ETAP. (Albu, Fekete, Mohl, & Pasekova, 2013) argues that the application of IFRS for SMEs in developing countries facilitates access to external capital, increases the attractiveness of foreign investors, and contributes opportunities for the accounting profession to increase economic development. The results of the study (Albu et al., 2013) also provide strong support across all stakeholder groups for the implementation of IFRS for SMEs. IFRS for SMEs can be analogous to SAK ETAP, especially for entities without public accountability in Indonesia, because SAK ETAP is an adoption of IFRS for SMEs that is adapted to the conditions of entities without public accountability in Indonesia, as stated in the Post Implementation Review of the Indonesian Institute of Accountants (PIR IAI) about the difference between SAK ETAP and IFRS for SMEs (Divisi Teknis IAI, 2015).
The required accounting standards include four elements, namely recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure (Menteri Koperasi dan UKM, 2015a). SAK ETAP states that recognition is the process of establishing accounts in the balance sheet and remaining operating results, while measurement is the process of determining the amount of money to assess assets, liabilities, income, and expenses to be presented in the financial statements (IAI, 2009). Presentation is a placement the accounts in the financial statements are structured and consistent, while the disclosure is an explanation of the accounts to meet the fairness criteria (Menteri Koperasi dan UKM, 2015a).
Transparency and strategic accountability can be done by making mandatory disclosures and additional disclosures if needed (Al-Shammari, Brown, & Tarca, 2008a). Sufficient disclosure can reduce the risk of uncertainty for stakeholders, especially investors and creditors (Elliott & Jacobson, 1994).
The results of research on mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP in Indonesia are still limited, research (Yanto, Yulianto, Sebayang, & Mulyaga, 2017) found that the level of compliance with SAK ETAP is still low. Research on mandatory disclosure for SMEs in developing countries also proves that the level of disclosure is still low (Dang-Duc, 2011)). This provides an opportunity to conduct further research on the mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP.
Disclosure in the entity's annual report is very important because it provides an explanation of the entity's policies, additional information as an explanation of the accounts in the financial statements (Menteri Koperasi dan UKM, 2015a). Sufficient disclosure will ensure fair financial statements of the entity's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows (IAI, 2009). The full disclosure principle requires the entity to inform all material and relevant facts regarding financial performance, so that the information presented is of high quality and ensures sustainability.
Several theories were used in previous research on mandatory disclosure, such as: agency theory by Owusu-Ansah (1998) The theory of institutional isomorphism related to structures or charts (such as mandatory disclosure) is accepted and legitimized by the environment (Arifin, 2014). The theory of institutional isomorphism proposes that the adoption of a structure or chart in an organization is carried out by isomorphic pressure or forces from the institutional environment (Dimaggio & Powell, 1983) (Meyer & Rowan, 1977). There are three elements of institutional isomorphism, namely: coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphism. This study focuses more on mimetic and normative isomorphism as an effort to find important factors that influence mandatory disclosure.
Mimetic isomorphism is the uniformity of structure by imitating other entities that are more established or have been legitimized due to uncertainty (Nurunnabi, 2017). The industrial era 4.0, which has been running and is approaching the 5.0 era, encourages entities to adapt and utilize information technology in their business activities, including processing business transactions to produce transparent, accurate, and accountable information. Therefore, this study considers the basis of information technology (hardware and software) in an effort to adopt information systems, because of the availability and prices of information technology devices that are relatively affordable at this time. In addition, the guarantee of reliability, accuracy of the data, and the resulting information is better.
Research (Hai, 2015) proves that accounting infrastructure can facilitate and improve the implementation of effective accounting practices. The availability of communication facilities and consideration of cost benefits have an effect on disclosure (Dang-Duc, 2011). Current technological changes, such as computerized databases and the internet, make financial disclosure of SMEs potentially cheaper (Arrunada, 2011).
Normative isomorphism is related to professionalism, such as recruitment, professional certification, and relationships with professional organizations (Dimaggio & Powell, 1983b). The Minister of Cooperatives and SMEs Regulation Number 20/Per/M.KUKM/IX/2015 concerning the Implementation of Cooperative Accountability also implements financial accountability in the form of an external audit. Assurance of the reliability of financial information through audits of financial statements is carried out by both internal auditors (supervisory bodies) and external auditors, therefore this type of audit motivates mandatory disclosure.
The results of previous studies provide different evidence between researchers. (Street & Gray, 2002); (Glaum & Street, 2003); (Owusu-Ansah & Yeoh, 2005) reported a significant effect between audit type and mandatory disclosure requirements. Meanwhile, (Wallace, Nasser, & Mora, 1994) found a moderate positive effect. (Wallace & Naser, 1995) proved a negative effect between audit type and mandatory disclosure. (Al-Shammari et al., 2008) provide different evidence, namely the type of audit has no effect on mandatory disclosure.
Research on mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP in real sector cooperatives is still limited, and inconsistent research results provide opportunities for further research. The difference between this study and previous research is the use of institutional theory based on two aspects, namely mimetic and normative isomorphism. These two aspects aim to provide a solution to the problem of mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP. Based on this description, the research gap in this study is the preparation of mandatory disclosure items on the disclosure of SAK ETAP.

RESEARCH METHOD
The population in this study is the real sector cooperatives in the Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as many as 595 cooperatives that have made annual reports and have held member meetings in 2018. Based on this data, there are 511 real sector cooperatives, the remaining 84 cooperatives are savings and loan cooperatives and service cooperatives. Islamic finance, so the population is set at 511.
The sampling technique used is purposive sampling with the sample criteria being the 2017 annual report of real sector cooperatives and has been discussed in the 2018 member meeting, as well as real sector cooperatives that do not have significant public accountability. The sample obtained is 195 annual reports.
Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis, with a probability level of 0.05. If the test results show a significance level less than 0.05, then the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected or hypothesis a (Ha) is accepted.

Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics show that the average mandatory disclosure score is 0.314 or 31.4%, the lowest disclosure score is 0.075 or 7.5% and the highest disclosure score is 0.594 or 59.4%. The results show that, there is no cooperative that fully fulfills all of the SAK ETAP Mandatory Disclosure items. The level of disclosure is still lower than the level of disclosure for SMEs in Italy, based on the results of research conducted by (Valentinetti, Rea, & Basile, 2016) on the level of disclosure required in the IFRS for SMEs, which is 35.5%. The same study was conducted by (Bakri, Mater, & Nour, 2014), with the level of financial information disclosure required for SMEs in Jordan of 40.0%. mandatory disclosure score of 0.500 or more as many as 15 (7.7%), and mandatory

Eduvest -Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8, August 2022 1.531 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id disclosure score of less than 0.500 as many as 180 (92.3%) cooperatives. This shows that the level of mandatory disclosure is still low because it has not reached 100%, there is no sample cooperative that fully complies with all mandatory disclosure items.  Table 2 shows the average value of information technology assets of Rp12,880,590.00, the lowest value is Rp. 0.00 and the highest value is Rp329,550,000.00. The data shows that there are cooperatives that do not have information technology assets, from the sample data of 195 real sector cooperatives, there are cooperatives that do not have information technology assets as many as 60 cooperatives (31.3%) and 132 (68.8%) cooperatives have technology assets. information.
The audit type variable shows the mode value is 1, meaning that most cooperatives are audited by internal auditors. Based on the sample cooperatives as many as 195, cooperatives that are not audited by either external or internal auditors are 62 (31.8%) cooperatives, cooperatives audited by internal auditors are 127 (65.1%), and cooperatives audited by external auditors are 6 (3.1%). Most cooperatives are still small and medium enterprises, while audit fees by external auditors are relatively expensive when compared to the results of operations or the value of cooperative assets, this is one of the considerations not to be audited by external auditors. When viewed from total assets, real sector cooperatives audited by external auditors have asset values ranging from Rp2,689,701,727.00 to Rp177,672,086,627.00.
The regulation does not require that the financial statements of cooperatives be audited by an external auditor, as stated in Chapter VI, Article 40 of Law Number 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives, namely "cooperatives can request audit services from public accountants". However, there are other laws and regulations that strengthen cooperatives to be audited by external auditors, namely the Regulation of the Minister of Cooperatives and SMEs Number 20/per/MKUKM/IX/2015 concerning the Implementation of Cooperative Accountability, Article 9 paragraph (3) Letter d, Article 12 Letter a, and Article 15 Paragraph (2).

Hypothesis Testing Results
Before the multiple regression test was conducted, the assumption test had been carried out. Overall, diagnostics that explore statistical assumptions include: tests of normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity provide evidence that the model is valid.
The effect of the predictor variable on the dependent variable, namely Mandatory Disclosure (MD), was tested using multiple regression analysis. This model determines the level of mandatory disclosure as a function of Information Technology (IT) and Audit Types (Audit), as well as control variables Entity Size (Size) and Industry Types (Indust (1) Where: MD, is the mandatory disclosure; β0 is the constant; β1-4, isthe regression coefficient; IT is information technology; Audit is the audit types; Size is the entity size; Indust is the industry types; and ε is the residual error.
The results of the F test of the predictor variable on mandatory disclosure with a significance score of 0.00 indicate that the independent variable simultaneously has a significant effect on explaining mandatory disclosure. The results of this test indicate that the multiple linear regression model is feasible to use in estimating the effect of the predictor variable on the dependent variable. The value of adjusted R 2 is 0.13 (12.8%) indicating the magnitude of the independent variable Sartono, Djoko Suhardjanto, Agung Nur Probohudono, Djuminah Mandatory Disclosure of SAK ETAP in Mimetic and Normative Isomorphism Perspective on Real Sector Cooperatives in Indonesia 1.532 simultaneously in explaining the mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP, while 0.87 (87.2%) is influenced by other factors not discussed in this study. When viewed from other similar studies, the adjusted R2 value obtained in this study is still lower, such as (Al-Shammari et al., 2008) obtaining an adjusted R2 of 35.6% when examining mandatory disclosures in companies registered in countries-GCC countries, (Alfaraih, 2009) proved the adjusted R2 value of 59.1% when researching the mandatory disclosure of companies registered in Kuwait. Glaum and Street (2003) obtained an adjusted R2 of 29.7% when examining the level of IAS disclosure in New Market companies in Germany, and (Arifin, 2014), which was 26.0% when examining disclosures in public sector organizations in Indonesia. 0.024 1.908 0.058* ***Highly significant at 0.01, ** significant at 0.05, *moderate significant at 0.1, Hypothesis 1 (H1) information technology has a positive effect on mandatory disclosure. The multiple regression in Table 3 shows that information technology has a significant positive effect with mandatory disclosure at a significance level of 0.05, thus H1 is accepted. These results support previous research by (Hai, 2015) which states that information technology encourages improving the quality of accounting information implementation.
Mimetic isomorphism expresses uniformity of structure or chart through imitating other similar organizations due to environmental uncertainties such as: mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP for real sector cooperatives. Availability of information technology infrastructure and quality human resources is very important in assisting in processing accounting data and financial reporting including mandatory disclosures that are fair, transparent, and accountable. Information technology infrastructure is increasingly affordable and more widely available in the market, which supports the success of providing information technology infrastructure. The ability of human resources to operate it is also getting better, with the availability of gadgets that are of increasingly high quality and affordable prices, so that almost all people of all ages and groups are no longer taboo about using gadgets. Availability of free and paid software facilities at affordable rates, for example: Bank Indonesia has provided free android-based financial reporting software named "SIAPIK", Kemenkop UKM has also created accounting software for MSMEs, namely "LAMIKRO".
The availability of information technology infrastructure is important to support the operation of accounting software and other information technology-based applications. The government as supervisor and supervisor of cooperatives is highly expected to provide information technology infrastructure grant support, improve the quality of accounting software that is applicable and based on SAK ETAP, which is suitable for use, especially cooperative business entities.
Hypothesis 2 (H2) the type of audit has a positive effect on mandatory disclosure. The results showed that the type of audit was statistically significant (p value 0.01 < 0.050), thus the type of audit had a significant positive effect on mandatory disclosure, so H2 was accepted.
Most cooperatives are SMEs, the need for an audit of financial statements is something that still requires careful consideration by cooperative management and owners, especially for micro and small scale cooperatives, cost considerations will be the main factor in deciding whether to be audited or not, audited by an auditor internal or external auditors. Since the issuance of Permenkop UKM Number 12 in 2015, real sector cooperatives are not required to be audited by external auditors, but are decided through an annual member meeting.

Eduvest -Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 8, August 2022 1.533 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id Furthermore, Permenkop UKM Number 20 in 2015 concerning the Implementation of Cooperative Accountability, requires that cooperative financial statements be audited by an external auditor as the cooperative's responsibility to its members. Previous research was conducted on companies registered in both developing and developed countries using the type of audit as an independent variable, this is because for companies that have been registered, of course auditing is the obligation of every company as an effort to transparency and accountability in the financial statements presented. The results of previous studies have shown that the type of audit has a significant positive effect on disclosure, such as (Street & Gray, 2002), (Glaum & Street, 2003), and (Owusu-Ansah & Yeoh, 2005). Gillis (2011) proved that Big Four Auditors are accepted as a normative function in the accounting professional society in China, Big Four KAPs are considered as one of the many international forces behind the process and development of accounting standards adoption (Chand, Patel & Patel, 2005), thus also research in Vietnam (Hambrick, Finkelstein, Cho, & Jackson, 2004).
Firm size, control variable has a significant effect on mandatory disclosure. The larger the size of the company, the more willing it is to make mandatory disclosures of SAK ETAP, because the more complex business activities are, demanding the reliability of information to increase the trust of stakeholders.
Industry type, control variable has a moderately significant effect on mandatory disclosure. The results of the analysis show that producer cooperatives tend to disclose higher than the types of consumer cooperatives and service cooperatives.

CONCLUSION
This study aims to examine the effect of mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism on mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP in real sector cooperative business entities in Indonesia. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the effect of the predictor variables on the mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP. The results showed: 1. The level of mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP for cooperatives in Indonesia is still below fifty percent, meaning that many cooperatives have not fully disclosed as required in SAK ETAP. 2. The results of statistical analysis show that the information technology variable has a significant positive effect on the mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP. Information technology infrastructure in the form of hardware and software, as a means to carry out information technology-based business processes, is in line with the industrial era 4.0 and welcoming the 5.0 era. Provision of adequate infrastructure is one of the important factors in mandatory disclosure to ensure transparency and accountability of information needed by stakeholders, as well as ensure sustainability in running their business. 3. The type of audit has a significant positive effect on mandatory disclosure. The audit of financial statements encourages professionalism, due to pressure from professional organizations to disclose information in accordance with SAK ETAP, thereby increasing the confidence of stakeholders in the information submitted and reliable in the context of making economic decisions. 4. Firm size and industry type, as control variables, each have a significant and moderately significant effect on mandatory disclosure. The size of the entity has more disclosure levels, while the producer cooperative type has more mandatory disclosures. The results of this study provide theoretical implications by adding insight into the measurement of the level of mandatory disclosure for entities without public accountability, in the perspective of institutional theory. The implication for management, members (investors), and creditors, this research provides evidence on the determinants of mandatory disclosure, as a material consideration for making policies related to mandatory disclosure practices to ensure accountability and transparency. Future research is expected to consider the quality of mandatory disclosure of SAK ETAP, in addition to collecting data a combination of primary and secondary data will be able to get better results.