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Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 7, July, 2022

p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727

POVERTY REDUCTION ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN TRIBE

COMMUNITIES IN KUTAI KARTANEGARA REGENCY

Bambang Arwanto

Universitas Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia

Email: [email protected].id

ABSTRACT

Rural poverty is a very complex synthesis, both in terms of the

potentially poor population, the type of poverty and the

process that causes poverty itself. Based on these arguments,

this study aims to show that the treatment of regional

development programs in poverty alleviation efforts cannot

actually be carried out uniformly. This study is intended to

provide an analytical model to increase the productivity of the

poor with a certainty that rural poverty is unique and specific,

by approaching isolated tribal groups. The research uses a case

study approach, what policies are most effective to increase

the productivity of the poor, isolated tribes, data collection for

the unit of analysis is carried out using the PRA (Participatory

Rural Appraisal) method to explore the problems developed in

participatory research, where researchers only act as

facilitator while community groups and tribal tribal institutions

play an active role in analyzing and assessing the problems

they experience. The results of the study confirm that the

policies that need to be implemented in an effort to increase

the productivity of the isolated tribal community are carried

out through several alternative policies, namely; rehabilitation

of forest resources, increasing human resources of isolated

tribes, as well as controlling the shrinkage of potential

cultivated areas.

KEYWORDS

Poverty, Alleviation, Rural, Tarasing Tribe, Kutai

Kartanegara

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

 
Bambang Arwanto 
 
Poverty Reduction Analysis of Foreign Tribe Communities In Kutai Kartanegara 
Regency     1.238 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The  failure  of  quantitative  transformation  through  the  trickle-down  effect 
mechanism  which  was  mythized  in  the  growth  paradigm  in  the  1970s,  has  only  left 
inequality and poverty. This concept is demystified by (Seers, 1979) who considers that 
development is not only an economic issue but is more multidimensional in nature. This 
thinking  emphasizes  on  improving  the  living  conditions  of  society  as  a  whole,  where 
development performance is measured through three aspects, namely poverty, inequality 
and  equity.  If  development  succeeds  in  reducing  these  three  things,  then  development 
aimed at realizing community prosperity can be considered successful (Prieur, 2009). 
Poverty  as  a  phenomenon  only  appeared  openly  and  carelessly  after  Masri 
Singarimbun and David H. Penny's book (1976). Population and Poverty: The Case of 
Sriharjo in Rural Java was published in the mid-1970s. Previously, people avoided talking 
about poverty in open forums, because it was considered to reduce the dignity and image 
of the nation (Safadi et al., 2015). So since then poverty has become an interesting issue 
that seems to have never been known before. 
Various anti-poverty policies continue to be on the agenda, from charitable ones to 
empowering ones in an effort to increase the productivity of the poor (Ravallion, 2007). 
However, anti-poverty policies that consume large amounts of public funds have proved 
ineffective (Chant, 2008). This is because the policy has not been able to increase the 
capacity of the poor and their involvement in the development process itself. 
The failure of  various  anti-poverty policies indicates that poverty is a complex 
synthesis, so that the poverty situation is not the same in every place (Fiderikumo et al., 
2017). Assuming that poverty is a general phenomenon that can be approached in general 
also with various uniform programs will result in a bias in understanding poverty itself 
(Durant & Wilson, 2019). The  inability to understand poverty as a phenomenon that is 
unique and different in every place, has resulted in a centralized approach being used in the 
agenda of every policy that is directly or indirectly aimed at alleviating poverty, the bias of 
this approach results in social inequality, regional inequality, inequality in urban and rural 
development, and increasingly the magnitude of community dependence in development 
(Aliber, 2001). 
The repositioning of the relationship between the central and regional governments 
within the framework of autonomy gives a broader meaning that local governments have 
central authority in development to improve community welfare based on the capabilities 
and needs of the people themselves, where as one of the regencies that has abundant natural 
resource potential, Kutai Regency also has a number of poor people of 7.20 percent (in 
2021)  with  the  largest  distribution  in  rural  areas,  most  of  these  villages  are  villages 
inhabited by isolated poor people. and isolated along tributaries of the Mahakam River, 
forest edges, and coastal areas with very poor infrastructure conditions, far from market 
accessibility,  communication and  technological development,  they  meet  their  needs  by 
shifting cultivation, collecting forest products and hunt. The difficulty of communication 
makes these remote villages far from civilization so that they can be classified as isolated 
poor people (Hickey & Toit, 2013; Upenieks, 2022) 
The  concentration  of  the  poor  in  rural  areas  in  Kutai  Kartanegara  Regency  is 
closely related to the development gap between cities and villages, resulting in a lack of 
infrastructure, communication, technology, as well as market coverage, education, health, 
lighting, clean water in rural areas. as the basis for regional development. Due to the lack 
of potential and village facilities, housing facilities, and  environmental facilities,  many 

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villages in Kutai Kertanegara Regency are in the category of poor villages (Mishra &

Chatterjee, 2018).

To avoid mistakes in the objectives of the rural area development program, the

program given to the village must be able to map out who is poor, what type of poverty is

and the process that causes poverty in rural communities, with an understanding of rural

poverty this will certainly provide an indication for appropriate anti-poverty policy making

(Antwi-Agyei et al., 2012). Various programs to help the poor, ranging from the Bimas

program to the Farm Business Credit program, which are not managed according to

banking principles, have failed to increase access for the poor to development, and in many

cases created the Santa Klaus Syndrome.

To find out which rural community groups are vulnerable to the poverty process,

the types and processes that create these groups (Thornton et al., 2006). The poor can be

done by mapping rural functional groups that have a high level of vulnerability to various

interventions and policy changes that are specific poor groups, this functional group was

chosen because it is the group most likely to be modified through various alternative

policies to be able to increase their productivity in order to get out of poverty, they are a

group of fishermen, namely families whose income depends on their fishing activities,

groups of farmers who both have narrow land (0.5-3 ha) and farmers without land

(cultivators), and isolated tribal groups, which are indigenous tribal groups where they live

based on community customs, are far from modernity, and have low linguistic status

(HalimatusA’Diyah, 2015).

The isolated tribal community group in Kutai Kertanegara Regency is located at

the northern end of the orbit of the Mahakam River watershed, namely the Belayan River

which is inhabited by interior tribes which can be broadly divided into several ethnic

groups, the largest being the Dayak Kenyah, and several small groups of the Dayak Kayan.

and the Punan.

This concentration of isolated tribes is only found in Tabang District, which is a

remote and isolated sub-district in Kutai Kertanegara Regency because it can only be

reached by river for 2 days and 3 nights at high tide, while at low tide, this river route

cannot be passed by passenger ships because many rapids are dangerous for ship engines

and threaten the safety of ship passengers.

This research will provide a policy formulation in an effort to increase the

productivity of the rural poor through a rural-specific poor group approach, namely isolated

tribes, with the assumption that the rural poverty situation is not the same, both groups

created by poverty processes, types, and processes that make tribal groups isolated. This

becomes a potential for the poor, so that the anti-poverty program provided does not have

to be uniform both in number and in treatment.

RESEARCH METHOD

The type of research used is descriptive research, the approach used is a case study

using the PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) method. In this case, the case study is

problem structuring of the sources and processes behind the poverty of farming

communities, fishermen and isolated tribes, as well as policies that need to be implemented

in response to these problems.

The research location is in Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province,

which is used as the object of research is the process of making alternative policies in an

effort to increase the productivity of the rural poor in Kutai Kertanegara Regency. The unit

of analysis of this research is at the organizational level, namely the village, the

Bambang Arwanto

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Regency 1.240

determination of the unit of analysis is carried out intentionally according to the research

objectives (purposive), namely poor villages according to the classification of poor villages

which are approached based on functional groups of people who are vulnerable to the

poverty process, namely isolated ethnic groups, so that The unit of analysis for the village

of poor isolated tribes was selected, namely Long Lalang Village, Tabang District.

In an effort to collect data that will be used in this study, researchers used a method

called (Chambers, 2006) as a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) for primary data

collection in the analysis unit of isolated tribal villages (Long Lalang), through direct

observation down to the village and interviews with selected sources of information

relevant to the research.

In general, the PRA steps taken by researchers to explore village problems in a

participatory manner are as follows: 1) Initial observation of village introductions, 2)

Introduction of community group activities, 3) Problem formulation and problem priority

setting, 4) Identification of alternative solutions to problems Selection of alternatives

solution to problem.

The alternative policy evaluation technique used to select policy alternatives is the

incorporation of the Franklin method, which is a technique of selecting or comparing the

best alternatives by taking an inventory of the positive and negative reasons or

consequences of each policy alternative and the equivalent alternative method which is a

method of selecting policy alternatives based on criteria. that has been determined and

considers the same (equivalent) to all criteria or standard rationality (Stokey and Zeckauser

in Effendi, 2000). This method is used to see how far the trade offs occur in the policy

alternatives that will be selected if the criteria are equated, then the alternatives are scored

in two ways; first, taking an inventory of the positive reasons and consequences of each

policy alternative, so that one alternative policy will be obtained with the best reasons and

consequences, second, the selection of policy alternatives based on predetermined criteria,

then scoring is done, the policy alternative that has a score highest will be recommended

as an alternative to the selected Policy.

In the alternative policy evaluation technique, the equivalent alternative method, the

scores used for the assessment of each policy alternative are as follows: Score 1 = Not

applicable, Score 2 = Less Effective, Score 3 = Fairly Effective, Score 4 = Very Effective.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. The Poverty Situation of Long Lalang Village

The remoteness of Long Lalang Village which is inhabited by the Kayan Dayak

tribe can be seen from the difficulty factor in reaching this area, because there is only one

way to go along the Mahakam River channel to enter the Belayan River with travel time

using a regular motorboat for 2 days 3 nights, traveling it will not be possible to do it during

the tohor river season (shallow) because along the Belayan River route to Tabang sub-

district there are many rapids (keham) which will endanger the ship's engine, so far there

is no alternative land route to break the isolation of this area from the district capital.

The alienation of the Dayak Kayan people of Long Lalang Village, totaling 309

people or 70 families, can be seen from the lifestyle of the people who live in groups that

are scattered within a radius of +45 Km, their source of livelihood depends on the forest

which is regulated by custom such as hunting and farming. shifting within the customary

forest area of +19,000 Ha.

The pattern of technology used in farming has not changed from the way of their

ancestors namely; slashing, burning and planting the area managed by each head of the

family with a rotation of 1-1.5 Ha/year in the area that may be cleared for farming according

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to the customary division of ± 7 Ha/head of the family, so as to return to the area that was

opened for the first time for cultivation requires a rotation period (plantation rotation where

the land is not planted) an average of 6 years with the calculation of soil fertility having

returned to what it was before planting. Before opening fields, usually the Dayak Kayan

people perform certain traditional rituals to get the right time to clear the fields and burn

the area before planting, burning is carried out with certain techniques so that the fire does

not spread, by leaving large trees as fire breaker around the fields. usually must meet several

conditions, be able to read the direction of the wind and not bathe or drink during the

burning.

Although they are recorded as Catholic and Protestant Christians, the Kaharingan

religion (Ancient Dayak Belief) has not been abandoned, the form of belief in animism and

dynamism is reflected in the worship of the spirits of their ancestors who live in the forest

(in big trees) and they believe that spirits ancestors can help and interfere with their lives.

The traditional ceremony that is often performed by the Kayan Dayak Tribe as a form of

ancestor worship is called belian. There are various types of belian, including for treatment

and worship.

The Dayak Kayan people of Long Lalang Village have very high adherence to

customs and tend to keep them closed. The customary head is a highly respected institution,

if there are indigenous peoples who violate customary provisions they are obliged to pay a

fine (the amount of which varies depending on the error), if there are people outside the

adat who are deemed to have violated customary provisions, usually the adat head holds a

adat meeting to impose a fine. mistakes are considered serious, not infrequently the

decisions that come out are hammer-gongs which are a sign of war, attacks on people

outside their customs are still often carried out because of differences in understanding

about the issue of customary provisions.

Integrated Poverty as stated by Chambers (1983) is clearly illustrated in the rural

poverty situation of Long Lalang, because apart from being geographically isolated and

isolated, they do not have access to sources of information, transportation facilities, they

are also excluded from the need for nine basic commodities whose prices can reach 5 -10

times the normal price, they usually get these staples by exchanging them from seasonal

traders who come to buy their accompanying forest products, such as Agarwood, Damar,

Tengkawang seeds, Honey, game animals and medicinal plants. For these secondary forest

products, they only wait for seasonal buyers and do not actively market them.

The next poverty situation is reflected in the vulnerability to facing big economic

actors, namely PT Limbang Ganesha, which is a company holding Forest Control Rights

(HPH) with a forest concession area covering 2 sub-districts (Tabang and Kembang

Janggut), where the location of the customary forest of the Dayak Kayan people, Long

Lalang Village is part of forest tenure since 1975, so that since that year the Dayak Kayan

people's lives have been marginalized from their economic base, where they cannot freely

utilize forest resources that were originally inherited from generation to generation.

The type of poverty in Long Lalang Village is an Interstitial Poverty, namely pockets of

poverty in the midst of the prosperity of natural resources (forests), due to material

deprivation and alienation of forest resources itself by big economic actors, namely HPH

(forest tenure rights) entrepreneurs.

2. Sources and processes of poverty for the Dayak Kayan people of Long Lalang

Village

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The problematic situation of poverty faced by The Dayak Kayan community in

Long Lalang Village is caused by a meta problem, namely the decreasing income of the

Long Lalang Village community, the decline in income stems from a decrease in the

community's economic agro forest yield (a decrease in field rice production by 8.4% a year

and a decline in banana production by 8.6 % years during the last five years and the

associated decline in forest products) which is a substantive problem.

Pagon and Sisibu types of field rice are the staple crops of the Kayan Dayak

community who consume rice as a staple food, while bananas are planted to fill the

cropping period, generally they plant rice to meet their communal needs first (subsistence),

then if there is excess, the yield will be sold to Kembang Janggut District (to supply PT

Limbang Ganesha's base camp needs). In addition to the decline in field yields above, there

was also a decrease in secondary forest products, considering that basically the Dayak

Kayan Tribe of Long Lalang Village are extractive farmers of forest resources.

Through research identification, it can be seen that the main causes of the decline

in economic agroforest yields for the people of Long Lalang Village are as follows;

1) Depreciation of Potential Field Area

Since having tenure rights over the forest since 1975, where the customary forest

of the Dayak Kayan people of Long Lalang Village is one part of the forest concession

owned by PT Limbang Ganesha, the company that owns the HPH prohibits the village

community from clearing fields in the customary forest that has become part of the forest.

from the HPH area, it is clear that the cultivated area is shrinking, this shrinkage of the

cultivated area will result in a decrease in the cultivation period to restore the fertility level

of the land that has been processed, the shrinkage of cultivated land in Long Lalang Village

by 7.6% per year or the average area 19.52 Ha per year.

2) Degradation of Forest Resources

The massive forest fires that occurred during the long dry season in 1997 were a

terrible tragedy for the Dayak Kayan people of Long Lalang Village, the fires consumed

almost half of the customary forest area (± 9500 Ha) resulting in damage to forest resources

and degradation of the carrying capacity of the forest in the forest. sustain their extractive

economy. The forest fires that occurred were closely related to the massive exploitation of

timber in 1975-1985 by forest concessionaires (HPH) in which the timber sector became

the mainstay of East Kalimantan's foreign exchange earner. This massive exploitation

changed the climate of forest vegetation into flammable stock. both by natural causes and

by humans.

3) The low quality of human resources for the Dayak Kayan community in Long

Lalang Village

The decline in economic agro-forest yields in Long Lalang Village is also closely

related to the average low level of education of the community, and low Indonesian

language skills, making it difficult for them to accept modernization such as farming

technology which can actually take them out of the extractive economic system at the time.

forests no longer have the carrying capacity of their economy.

The human resources of the Long Lalang Village community have been very

neglected in the development process so far, even by the big economic actors around

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them (HPH entrepreneurs), this can be seen clearly from the illiteracy rate is still high, and

their Indonesian language skills are very low, because 80, 5% cannot speak Indonesian,

automatically they do not have the ability to access development programs that are

communicated with Indonesian language media.

The low linguistic status and literacy status of the Kayan Dayak people make them

remain isolated and backward in social relations with the wider community in general.

Interaction with modern institutions will be hampered because of their ignorance of

administrative and legal languages that they do not know and sometimes take advantage

and exploitation because of their low linguistic status, this clearly places the Dayak Kayan

community in a dimension that is very vulnerable to the process of impoverishment.

The dominant process towards the impoverishment of the Dayak Kayan tribal

community is the process of economic dualism, where modern economic actors (HPH)

make the Long Lalang Village community as traditional economic actors alienated from

their agro-forest economic base, which is marked by their prohibition from opening fields

in customary forests which have been they used to do it, if in the past they were allowed

by the traditional leader to open fields up to ± 7 ha/head of family which was opened

annually ± 1-1.5 ha with a rotation of planting, generally they started planting in June and

harvesting in January and February, the area that has been planted with rice is used to grow

bananas then they open a new area to plant rice again with an area of 1-1.5 ha/head of

family and so on, but at this time they are not can again open fields of up to ±7 ha/head of

family because of the prohibition from the owners of Forest Tenure Rights so that their

cultivated land is shrinking. In the past, their cropping period could be up to 6 years, now

their cropping period is only 2 years to restore soil fertility to the former fields that they

had previously cultivated. Large trees which according to their belief as the residence of

their ancestors were cut down, follow-up forest products that can increase income such as

Damar, Tengkawang seeds, Agarwood, Rattan, Honey, game animals, medicines are now

difficult to find even some of them have become extinct because of forest fires in 1997,

now they are facing a serious problem in the form of real damage to forest resources.

Even though large forestry companies have been around for a long time, the rural

conditions and infrastructure have not been touched in the slightest. The average linguistic

status of the Dayak Kayan community is low, their ignorance of state social institutions,

legal and administrative language makes the Dayak Kayan tribe of Long Lalang Village

experience a prolonged Integrated Poverty.

3. Government Program in Reducing Poverty of the Dayak Kayan Tribe of Long

Lalang Village

The program launched by the government in dealing with isolated tribes is a social

settlement development program for isolated tribal communities (regrouping) which is

carried out through the Social Service program, with this program it is hoped that the

isolated tribal community will be eradicated from conditions of isolation and backwardness

both physically, socially, culturally, life and livelihood as well as environment, so as to

achieve a better level of social welfare. The assumption of the success of this policy is that

the coaching period is quite long, according to the provisions of the Ministry of Social

Affairs (1994) it can reach a period of ± 7 years through the stages of preparation, guidance,

development and transfer with large costs (Social Service of Kutai Kertanegara Regency

in 1998 recorded funding of up to with IDR 3.5 billion). The program steps taken are as

follows:

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a) Regrouping, namely creating a social settlement system with an ideal basis that is not

scattered with new types of ex situ settlements (started in 1991), construction of modern

houses by leaving the treasures of Dayak Kayan traditional houses (Lamin houses),

regrouping is intended to facilitate development of the Kayan Dayak community.

b) Agricultural guidance (paddy rice), agricultural guidance is provided to the Kayan

Dayak community on how to cultivate permanent crops with a watery land system (Sawah).

c) Welfare guidance, guidance provided to the Kayan Dayak community so that they can

live in a modern society, especially regarding healthy lifestyles and nutritious food patterns.

Externally, this regrouping program is not relevant as a study of the specific local

problems faced by the Dayak Kayan people of Long Lalang Village which have become a

source of poverty for them, namely the decline in economic agro-forest yields caused by a

decrease in potential field areas due to restrictions on customary forest rights by the

community. the owner of the HPH (PT Limbang Ganesha), the degradation of the carrying

capacity of the forest due to forest fires and forest exploitation as a commodity, as well as

the low human resources of the Dayak Kayan, so it is clear that the regrouping program is

not a program that can bring the Dayak Kayan people out of their predicament.

Internally, by implementing the program steps, the Kayan Dayak community will

certainly be marginalized from insitu settlements, namely their home settlements which

have been traditionally regulated closer to farming areas and cultivated by them for

generations. The construction of modern houses leaving the traditional Lamin house (a

traditional Dayak house whose shape is elongated and full of ornaments) will slowly erode

the communal feeling among the Kayan Dayak people. Farming activities (non-paddy

farming) are part of the cultural process of the Dayak Kayan tribe that cannot be simply

replaced with a rice farming system. Of course, the Dayak Kayan indigenous people have

great resistance to new habits introduced outside their way of life, because empirically the

ability to farm has been inherited by them from generation to generation, and in opening

their fields they first hold a traditional ceremony, so that basically farming is a customary

process for them. Internally, the quality of the regrouping program is far from expectations,

because the program's costly steps are in line with the Dayak Kayan customs. This made

this program a failure which was marked by the abandonment of modern houses and pilot

rice fields that had been built as part of the social settlement facilities for isolated

communities, and the Dayak Kayan community returned to occupy Lamin's house in the

insitu settlement in dispersed groups to approach their cultivated areas as in the beginning.

Next, actionable causes will be identified. For this purpose, problem specifications

and substantive problems will be carried out, namely the decrease in economic agroforest

yields for the Dayak Kayan Tribe, Long Lalang Village, to a formal problem (goal policy),

then a hierarchical technique will be used. search for problems in the form of a problem

diagram structure as follows:

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Figure 1. Structure of the Long Lalang Village Problem Diagram

Source: Primary Data Analysis

After the problem specification has been carried out, then an analysis of the desired

conditions is carried out in the objective analysis. Objective analysis is carried out by

making the conditions contained in the problem become the opposite situation, this is done

through testing the causal relationships that occur between them logically as stated in the

following objective analysis diagram.

Figure 2 Structure of the Long Lalang Village Goal Diagram

Source: Primary Data Analysis

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From the objective analysis diagram, it can be explained how the logical

relationship between achieving an increase in the economic yield of agroforestry for the

Dayak Kayan people in Long Lalang Village can be done by achieving policy goals,

namely increasing potential cultivation areas, rehabilitating the carrying capacity of the

forest on the lives of the Dayak Kayan people and increasing human resources. Kayan

Dayak people.

From the causes identified as actionable causes which are also formal problems (and policy

goals), an alternative policy solution for increasing agro-forest economic yields in Long

Lalang Village is formulated in an effort to increase the income of the Dayak Kayan people

as follows:

1. Alternative policies for controlling the shrinkage of potential cultivated areas

2. Alternative forest resource rehabilitation policy year .

3. Alternative policies to increase human resources for the Dayak Kayan people.

4. Results of Criteria Analysis and Assessment

The second step that is used to recommend alternative policies is to test through

several criteria through the comparison method of criteria equivalent to the equivalent

alternative method, which is a method that considers all criteria the same and sees how far

the trade-offs that occur in the selected alternative when the criteria are equated, then

carried out scoring to find the highest weight value. The score of 1 means that it cannot be

applied, the score of 2 which means it is less effective, and the score of 3 is quite effective.

a score of 4 means very effective.

As for recapitulation: scoring of alternative policies proposed in an effort to

increase the production/yield of agro-forest economy of isolated communities from the

Dayak Kayan Tribe in Long Lalang Village, namely alternative policies for controlling the

shrinkage of potential cultivated areas, alternative policies for rehabilitation of forest

resources, as well as alternative policies for increasing natural resources. Human Resources

(HR) of the isolated Dayak Kayan Tribe of Long Lalang Village, can be seen in the

following score table

Table 1 Recapitulation of Alternative Scores on Policy to Increase Yield/Production of

Agro-Forest Economy of the Dayak Kayan Tribe, Long Lalang Village, 2002-2012

Policy

Alternative

Criteria/Score

Tech

nical

Econom

ics

Social

Law

Political

Administ

ration

Total

1. Control of

potential field

area shrinkage

2. Rehabilitation

of forest

resources

3. Improving the

human

resources of

the Dayak

Kayan

community

Source: Primary Data Analysis

Based on the scoring above, a ranking of policy alternatives is arranged as follows:

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a) Rank 1 is an alternative policy for controlling the shrinkage of potential cultivated areas

with a score of 23 or having a weighted score of 3.8, which means it is very effective to

apply.

b) Rank II is an alternative policy for improving the human resources of the Dayak Kayan

people with a score of 22 or a criterion weight of 3.6, which means it is very effective to

implement.

c) Rank III is an alternative forest resource rehabilitation policy with a score of 20 or a

criterion weight of 3.3, which means it is quite effective to be applied.

From the results of the selection of policy alternatives, the recommended alternative policy

as a focus of attention for increasing agro-forest economic productivity of the isolated

community of the Dayak Khayan Tribe, Long Lalang Village is an alternative policy to

control the shrinkage of potential cultivated areas.

The policy direction taken for the development of rural areas in the village that was

taken as the unit of analysis above emphasized on increasing the productivity of the poor

with policies that focused on the recommended alternative policies, but considering the

problems faced by the villages the unit of analysis above is very complex so it is necessary

synergistic handling between various policies, not only technological approaches, but also

economic, and socio-cultural approaches, because a monistic approach (a single program

policy approach) will not be able to effectively increase the productivity of the poor in the

analysis unit village because the problems have been so severe. complex and permanently

dominate their life cycle (the dominance of forest entrepreneur/HPH owner, namely PT

Limbang Ganesha over the isolated Dayak Kayan people of Long Lalang Village as a

process of poverty due to a dualistic economy). So, with the assumption that the sources of

funds and resources of Kutai Kertanegara Regency are large enough for policy

implementation, the researchers recommend implementing all alternative policies that have

very effective, effective and quite effective criteria to be implemented.

The policy alternatives that are recommended as selected policy alternatives which

are the focus of attention for policy implementation in an effort to increase the productivity

of the poor isolated communities of the Dayak Kayan Tribe in Long Lalang Village can be

seen in the following table:

Table 2 Policy Alternatives Chosen as Recommended Alternative Policies in Increasing

Productivity of the Dayak Kayan Tribe People

District

Alternatif

Kebijakan

Rating Weight

Recomendation

Long Lalang

1. Control of shrinkage of

potential cultivated area

2. Rehabilitation of forest

resources

3. Improving the human

resources of the Dayak

Kayan people

Very effective

Effective

enough

Chosen 1

Chosen II

Chosen III

Source: Primary Data Analysis

From the table, it can be seen that the recommended policy alternatives are

synergistic steps in response to the complexity of village problems that are used as the unit

of analysis. The response for each village is of course very different, because the problems

faced by the analysis unit villages are very varied, so that the treatment of villages in the

rural area development program does not have to be the same (allocation, type and value

of the program). Programs that are planned for the development of rural areas should as

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Poverty Reduction Analysis of Foreign Tribe Communities In Kutai Kartanegara

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much as possible be able to answer problems in accordance with the specific local

characteristics of the village.

To show the variability of rural poverty in Kutai Kertanegara Regency, the following

will summarize the variations found in poverty cases in Long Lalang Village in the

following table:

Table 3 Variations in Poverty Cases for Indigenous Tribal Communities in Long Lalang

Village

Variable

District

Long Lalang

Specific poor

groups/potentially poor

groups

Isolated tribe

Poverty Type

Intersitisial Poverty

Poverty Process

dualistic economy (HPH vs Forest/field

agriculture)

Sources of poverty

(poverty main problem)

A decrease in field yields by 8.4%/yr and a

decrease in extractive forest agricultural yields

Causes of rural poverty

(formal problems)

1. Depreciation of potential field area of 19.52

ha/year due to the prohibition of clearing

field area by HPH owners

2. Degradation of carrying capacity of SDH

due to forest fires in 1997 and forest

exploitation since 1975

3. The low quality of the Dayak rich people's

human resources (80.5% of the population

were found to be illiterate in Indonesian and

32.5% illiterate)

Government response

(status quo policy)

Regrouping

Policy alternative

1. Controlling the shrinkage of potential

cultivated areas with a policy target of forming

a forest agreement to return customary forests

as customary rights of the Dayak Kayan

people

2. Rehabilitation of forest resources with the

target of forest conservation policies fostering

cultivation systems as the embodiment of

social forestry

3. Improving the quality of human resources for

the Dayak Kayan community with the policy

target of increasing access to formal and non-

formal education, increasing access to training

and guidance (cultivation, technology and

marketing of extractive forest products on the

basis of developing indigenous groups)

Source: Primary Data Analysis

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From the explanation of the table above, it can be seen that the Long Lalang poverty

case is very varied. This shows that the problems faced are very diverse, according to the

sources and processes behind the poverty of rural communities, which of course are locally

specific.

With the analysis model above, of course, alternative policies that are recommended

as answers to village-specific local problems will have real relevance (compare with the

government's response which is a status quo policy). The recommended policy alternatives

show that the treatment of rural poverty cases cannot be uniformed because the types of

needs and the intensity of needs in each village are not the same.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the analysis of the problems faced by poor isolated tribal

communities in Long Lalang Village using a public policy analysis approach, it can be

concluded as follows:

1. The rural poor of Kutai Kertanegara Regency generally live in remote and isolated

poor villages with varied characteristics of poverty. The characteristics of rural

poverty depend on the orbit and geographical location of the village as well as its

accessibility to basic rural facilities and infrastructure. These poor people experience

various dimensions of poverty that are also varied, both the property dimension

(poverty of materials), physical weakness (the ratio of dependence due to physical

weakness), powerlessness (powerlessness in the face of large economic actors),

isolation (geographically) and vulnerability (vulnerability to face various kinds of

problems). natural, social, economic and political/policy changes). The types of

poverty in rural communities are also very diverse, although most of them are

endemic because of their geographical location which is difficult to reach, but in some

places poverty is found with the type of interstitial poperty or pockets of poverty that

are around big economic actors (big companies).

2. The poverty of isolated tribal communities stems from their low productivity, this

low productivity is indicated by low/decreasing forest agricultural products. The low

productivity of the isolated tribal community is due to their low access to productive

resources such as land, water, job opportunities, capital/capital, technology, pro-

active policies, marketing, education, training, and the carrying capacity of a

sustainable environment.

3. Poverty processes that cause poverty for isolated tribal communities are generally

caused by a dualistic economic determination against their traditional economic base.

4. The government's programs that were launched as the government's response to rural

poverty are externally irrelevant, because they do not address the specific local

problems faced by rural communities. Internally, the programs that have been

implemented also have many weaknesses, besides being very bureaucratic and

procedural, they are generally also intolerant of the variability that exists in rural

communities.

5. To eradicate rural poverty, it is necessary to increase the productivity of the poor

through various policies which basically facilitate their access to productive

resources. Increasing productivity by making their access to various productive

resources closer is the key to the success of various programs aimed at alleviating

rural poverty.

6. With the variety of cases of rural poverty, which are marked by the various

characteristics, dimensions, types, sources and processes of poverty experienced by

isolated tribal communities, this analysis rejects the uniformity of various policies

 
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Poverty Reduction Analysis of Foreign Tribe Communities In Kutai Kartanegara 
Regency     1.250 
aimed at alleviating poverty in rural communities in Kutai Kertanegara Regency. The 
uniform treatment of rural poverty will lead to a bias towards the understanding of 
specific local problems of rural poverty. 
7.  An understanding of rural poverty as a varied phenomenon will help in understanding 
specific local village problems in a participatory manner. With the development of a 
participatory understanding of rural areas, a "people's dimension" development will 
be  created  where  the  role  of  the  rural  poor  is  increasing  in  articulating  all  the 
aspirations and problems they face. This of course will make government programs 
that go down to rural communities are programs that are relevant and needed by the 
community. 
 
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