How to cite:
Ahmad Suhaimi. (2022). Diversity of Food Consumption and the
Event of Stunting in Children in the Lowlands of South Kalimantan,
Indonesia. Journal Eduvest. Vol 2(6): 1.176-1.183
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2775-3727
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Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 6, June, 2022
p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727
DIVERSITY OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND THE EVENT OF
STUNTING IN CHILDREN IN THE LOWLANDS OF SOUTH
KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Ahmad Suhaimi
Agribusiness Study Program, Amuntai College of Agricultural Sciences,
Indonesia
Email: ahmad99ec@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Received:
May, 26
th
2022
Revised:
June, 13
th
2022
Approved:
June, 17
th
2022
This study aims to determine the diversity of food consumption
and its relationship with the incidence of stunting in children
under five in the lowlands of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The
research location is in Batang Alai Selatan District, Hulu Sungai
Tengah Regency. This research is an associative type of
research using primary and secondary data sourced from
respondents, and BPS Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. The
diversity of food consumption in stunting toddlers was first
carried out with a 24-hour food recall and analyzed using the
Expected Food Pattern (PPH) approach. The relationship
between the diversity of food consumption and the incidence
of stunting in children under five was carried out by Chi Square
analysis. The results showed that the PPH score for the
diversity of food consumption under five reached 76.44,
indicating that the criteria were less diverse because it was still
dominated by the grain food group (52.8%) and animal food
(38.3%). The results of the Chi Square analysis show that the
diversity of food consumption with the incidence of stunting in
children under five in the study area has an Asymp value. Sig.
(2-sided) 0.000 < 0.05, and the calculated Chi Square value is
20.17 > Chi Square table 3.841, it can be concluded that there
is a relationship between the diversity of food consumption
and the incidence of stunting in children under five.
KEYWORDS
Diversity of Food Consumption, Toddler, Stunting,
Lowlands
Ahmad Suhaimi
Diversity of Food Consumption and the Event of Stunting in Children in the Lowlands
of South Kalimantan, Indonesia 1.177
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
INTRODUCTION
Food consumption is the amount of food and drink consumed by a person, group, or
population to meet their nutritional needs, the Food Security Agency (2014).
One of the main nutritional problems in developing countries is the lack of food
diversity, mainly consisting of plant-based food sources, as well as limited fruits and
vegetables (Mahmudiono et al., 2017)
The nutritional problem that is the main concern at this time is the high number of
stunted children in Indonesia. From 10 children, about 3-4 children under five are stunted.
Stunting is a malnutrition problem caused by inadequate nutritional intake for a long time
due to feeding that is not in accordance with nutritional needs (Virgianita, 2015)
Stunting begins in the womb and only appears when the child is two years old.
Malnutrition at an early age results in infant and child mortality, causes sufferers to get sick
easily and have a posture that is not optimal as an adult (Suhaimi, 2019; Suhardjo & Riyadi,
1989)
Toddlers who experience inhibition in growth are due to lack of adequate food intake
and recurrent infectious diseases, making it difficult to overcome growth disorders which
consequently have the opportunity for stunting. The lack of food diversity is influenced by
two factors, namely internal factors and external factors (Trisasmita et al., 2020). Internal
factors that influence food diversity are income, knowledge of nutrition, culture and
religion, and preferences (Astuti et al., 2020). External factors include the production,
availability, and distribution of food ingredients. Households in agricultural areas have
higher incomes than households in pond areas, but household food expenditures in pond
areas are higher than households in agricultural areas (Choliq et al., 2020).
Based on the description of the background above, this study aims to determine the
diversity of family food consumption in stunting toddlers in Batang Alai Selatan District,
to determine the relationship between food consumption diversity and stunting in children
under five in Batang Alai Selatan District.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research was conducted in Batang Alai Selatan District, Hulu Sungai Tengah
Regency. The time of the research starts in December 2020 until August 2021. The data
sources used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The data needed in this
study are:
1. Data on the diversity of food consumption in Batang Alai Selatan District, Hulu Sungai
Tengah Regency for the period 2019. This data was obtained from the Food Security
and Fisheries Service of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency.
2. Stunting data in the South Batang Alai sub-district, Hulu Sungai Tengah district for the
period 2019. This data was obtained from the health post in the South Batang Alai sub-
district.
3. Primary data obtained from the results of a questionnaire (questionnaire) with mothers
who have children under five in the Batang Alai District, Slatan District, Hulu Sungai
Tengah Regency.
4. Other secondary data that is still related to the purpose of this study.
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 6, June 2022
1.178 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
This type of research is associative, which is research that aims to determine the
effect or also the relationship between two variables. Consideration of the selection of the
District area is done intentionally (purposive). The reason for choosing this area is that in
Batang Alai Selatan District, most of the area is in the swamp and lowland topography,
which is 27.11 masl. looking at the data received, that the South Batang Alai District in
2019 including the prevalence of stunting is quite high in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency,
with a total of 238 children under five. And Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency is included in
the Special Location for Integrated Stunting Reduction Intervention for 2018-2022 based
on the decision of the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas
No.Kep 42/M.PPN/HK/04/2020.
It was determined that the number of respondents in this study amounted to 23
stunting toddlers from the initial number of 238 toddlers using the Slovin formula
(Sugiyono, 2018).
Data was collected by observation, interviews, recording, and 24-hour recall. 24-
hour recall is one of the data collection techniques used to obtain data on food consumption
of children under five. The principle of the recall method is to record the type and amount
of food consumed in the past 24 hours (Supariasa et al., 2012). The food consumption
survey was conducted three times in an interval of two days. The repetition is intended to
obtain more accurate household real consumption data.
Chi Square analysis is used to test whether there is a relationship between the
diversity of food consumption and the incidence of stunting in children under five in Batang
Alai Selatan District, with the formulation, namely:
Χ²=
𝛴
(
𝑂𝑖−𝐸𝑖
)
²
𝐸𝑖
Where:
X² = Chi Square
Oi = observation frequency
Ei = expected frequency
Dk = k-1
The test criteria is to reject Ho, Χ² ≥ Χ² (1-α) (k-1) and others Ho is accepted, α= real level
of testing.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Diversity of Family Food Consumption in Stunting Toddlers in Batang Alai Selatan
District
Food Diversity
The diversity of individual food consumption was measured by the Individual
Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) questionnaire. The diversity of food consumption is a
qualitative measure of food consumption that can reflect a person's nutritional adequacy,
both macro and micro. IDDS was positively correlated to the density of micronutrients in
complementary foods and the adequacy of macro and micronutrients. The following are
the results of food consumption patterns among toddlers in Batang Alai Selatan District
using the PPH approach.
Ahmad Suhaimi
Diversity of Food Consumption and the Event of Stunting in Children in the Lowlands
of South Kalimantan, Indonesia 1.179
Table 1. Scores of PPH Toddlers in Batang Alai Selatan District
N
o
Calories
%
%
AKE
Wei
ght
AKE
score
Actu
al
Scor
e
Max
Scor
e
Gap
and
AK
E
Sco
re
and
Ma
x
Sco
re
PPH
score
1
759,4
52,
8
54,2
0,5
26,4
27,1
25,0
2,1
25,0
2
19,4
1,3
1,4
0,5
0,7
0,7
2,5
-1,8
0,7
3
551,4
38,
3
39,4
2,0
76,7
78,8
24,0
54,8
24,0
4
2,6
0,2
0,2
0,5
0,1
0,1
5,0
-4,9
0,1
5
4,2
0,3
0,3
0,5
0,1
0,2
1,0
-0,9
0,1
6
25,7
1,8
1,8
2,0
3,6
3,7
10,0
-6,3
3,6
7
6,4
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,2
0,2
2,5
-2,3
0,2
8
65,4
4,5
4,7
5,0
22,7
23,4
30,0
-6,6
22,7
9
4,1
0,3
0,3
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0
1438,6
10
0,0
102,8
11,5
130,5
134,
1
100,
0
34,1
76,44
Source: Primary Data Processing, 2021
Based on the table above, the average energy consumed by toddlers in Batang Alai
Selatan District is 1438.6 kcal/day with a PPH score of 76.44. This value shows that the
standard for energy consumption for toddlers is 1400 kcal/cap/day and the ideal PPH score
is 100. However, the PPH score shows that it is classified as less diverse, because it is still
dominated by the grain food group (52.8%) and animal food (38, 3%).
1. Grains
The grain food group is the food group that is consumed the most by children under
five in Batang Alai Selatan District compared to other food groups. The average number
of grain food groups consumed was 759.4 kcal per day and the PPH score of grains
exceeded the maximum score of 25.0. Because rice is the main staple that is widely used
for consumption and other types of commodities such as corn, wheat is processed into
various kinds of preparations.
2. Tubers
Types of tuber commodities include cassava and its processed products, sweet
potato, potato, taro, and sago. The average consumption of tubers food groups under five
in Batang Alai Selatan District is 19.4 Kcal per day with a PPH score of 0.7, which means
it is still below the maximum PPH score of 2.5.
3. Food/Animals
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Volume 2 Number 6, June 2022
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Animal food is a food group that also exceeds the maximum score with a value of
78.8. In addition to consuming fish, meat, and eggs, toddlers in Batang Alai Selatan District
consume milk to complement their nutritional needs. The average consumption of children
under five from the animal food group is 551.4 Kcal per day.
4. Oils and fats
The average consumption of oil and fat food groups under five in Batang Alai
Selatan District is 2.6 Kcal per day with a PPH score of 0.1, which means that the maximum
PPH score is not sufficient.
5. Oily fruit/seeds
The average consumption of the oily seed fruit food group is 4.2 Kcal and the PPH
score is 0.1, which means that the maximum score for this food group is not sufficient,
which is 1. Only a little energy is obtained from these oily fruits/seeds such as from
processed foods that use coconut milk, candlenut, and chocolate.
6. Nuts
The average consumption of the legume food group was 25.7 Kcal and the PPH score
was 3.6. Calories obtained from various types of preparations such as peanuts, tempeh,
tofu, soy sauce and others.
7. Sugar
The average consumption of the sugar food group is 6.4 Kcal per day. The PPH score
obtained from this food group is 0.2, which means that the maximum score of 2.5 is not
sufficient. The types of commodities consumed include granulated sugar for tea, brown
sugar for cakes, syrups and other ready-to-drink beverages.
8. Vegetables and Fruits
The average consumption of vegetable and fruit food groups under five in Batang
Alai Selatan District is 65.4. Kcal per day and PPH score 22.7. The score obtained is quite
far from the maximum score, which is 30. This is because toddlers don't like vegetables
and most of the calories obtained from this food group come from fruit.
9. Others
The average of other food groups is 4.1 Kcal. Consumption of spices, tea, and others
is not intended to meet nutritional needs.
Based on the table above, it can be concluded that the grain type food group has the
highest %AKE value, reaching 52.8% and animal food with 38.3% AKE.
Food Consumption Patterns with Stunting Incidence
Table 2. Food Consumption Patterns with Stunting Incidence in Toddlers in Batang Alai
Selatan District.
Food Consumption Pattern
Nutrition Status
Amount
Stunting
No Stunting
Not Diverse
21
6
27
Diverse
2
17
19
Amount
23
23
46
Source: Primary Data Processing, 2021
Based on Table 2 above, it is known that there are 21 samples with non-diverse
consumption categories and stunting nutritional status, 6 samples with non-diverse
categories and non-stunting nutritional status, 2 samples with diverse categories and
stunting nutritional status and 17 samples with diverse categories and poor nutritional
status. stunting.
The Relationship of Food Consumption Diversity to Stunting in Toddlers in Batang
Alai Selatan District.
Ahmad Suhaimi
Diversity of Food Consumption and the Event of Stunting in Children in the Lowlands
of South Kalimantan, Indonesia 1.181
The results of the research analysis with the Chie Square formulation using the SPSS
version 24 package application can be seen in Table 3 below.
Table 3. Chi Square . Analysis Results
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymptotic
Significance (2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
20.175
a
1
.000
Continuity
Correction
b
17.575
1
.000
Likelihood Ratio
22.379
1
.000
Fisher's Exact Test
.000
.000
Linear-by-Linear
Association
19.737
1
.000
N of Valid Cases
46
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 9.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Source: Primary Data Processing, 2021
Based on the output table above, the Asymp value is known. Sig. (2-sided) 0.000 <
0.05, so based on the basis of decision making, it can be concluded that there is a
relationship between the diversity of food consumption and the incidence of stunting in
children under five in the study area. This can also mean that the more diverse food
consumption by children under five, the incidence of stunting will decrease, and vice versa
the less variety of food consumption consumed by toddlers, the incidence of stunting will
increase. Based on the output table "Chi-square test" it is known that the calculated Chi
square value is 20.17 > Chi square table 3.841, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and
H1 is accepted, so it can be interpreted that there is a relationship between the diversity of
food consumption and the incidence of stunting in toddlers.
The results of the study above are in line with research conducted by (Wantina et al.,
2017), which shows that there is a relationship between the diversity of food consumption
and stunting in toddlers aged 6-24 months (p <0.05). The more diverse the food
consumption, the better the nutritional status. Education about the diversity of food
consumption is needed, especially for mothers who have toddlers.
The diversity of people's food consumption is usually greatly influenced by the
conditions of the region or area where they live, how much people can obtain and utilize
existing natural resources, besides that it is influenced by other factors such as social,
economic, cultural customs and also community knowledge (Virgianita & Pratiwi, n.d.).
According to (Ruel, 2003), family food diversity is influenced by social, economic, and
cultural status of the community. The lack of variety in food consumption is one of the
causes of various health problems in people with low economic status in various developing
countries.
The diversity of food in the research area with a total of 46 respondents 27 of them
included in the non-diverse category and 19 other respondents included in the diverse
category. Food diversity is dominated by food groups of grains and animal foods. This is
due to the habits of the villagers who prefer food made from grains and animal foods. Food
diversity is one of the important factors to minimize the incidence of stunting in toddlers
because it ensures that the nutrients in the food consumed can carry out their respective
functions.
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 6, June 2022
1.182 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
This is in line with the opinion of (Hanafie, 2010), consuming a variety of foods can
ensure that the nutrients in food carry out their respective functions so that the body's needs
will be met. The diversity in food consumption by toddlers greatly affects their nutritional
status, this is reinforced by (Purwaningrum & Wardani, 2012) who states that nutritional
status is directly affected by the food consumed daily. According to (Rahmadhita, 2020),
food intake for toddlers is very important because toddlers are a group that shows rapid
body growth, so they require high nutritional substances per kg of body weight.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the analysis of the diversity of food consumption in stunted
toddlers in the research area, it can be concluded that: The PPH score for the food diversity
of children under five in Batang Alai Selatan District reached 76.44. With the criteria of
food consumption under five in Batang Alai Selatan sub-district, it is still less diverse
because it is still dominated by the grain food group (52.8%) and animal food (38.3%).
Asymp Value. Sig. (2-sided) 0.000 < 0.05, the calculated chi square value is 20.17 > Chi
square table 3.841, indicating that there is a relationship between the diversity of food
consumption and the incidence of stunting in children under five.
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