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FACTORS CAUSING HEARING DISORDERS DUE TO NOISE AT PT
X JAKARTA TIMUR BEARING PRODUCTION IN 2020
Lutfi Dwi Aristiani, Mugi Wahidin, Hendry Amirudin and Gisely
Violenita
Esa Unggul University, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], gisely@esaunggul.ac.id
Received:
May, 3
rd
2021
Revised:
May, 7
th
2021
Approved:
May, 19
th
2021
Abstract
Hearing disorder is a disease caused by noise in the world and
in Indonesia. There are many factors that contribute to hearing
loss. This study aims to determine the factors associated with
hearing loss in PT X Jakarta Timur Bearing Production
workers in 2020. This study uses a Case Control design. The
study population was 207 workers consisting of 42 cases and
convenience sampling 42 controls. The data collection method
was carried out by using a questionnaire for the variable length
of service (ordinal), age (ordinal) and the use of APT (ordinal),
looking at employee attendance data for the length of exposure
variable (ordinal) and looking at Medical Check Up data for 42
respondents with a total sampling technique for case
respondents and 42 control respondents for the variable
hearing loss (ordinal). This study consisted of independent
variables, namely noise intensity, length of exposure, age, years
of service, and use of ear protection equipment (APT). The
results of the research from the Chi-Square statistical test show
that the factors that have a relationship are the length of
exposure (p = 0.025) and age p = (0.004) in the PT X Jakarta
Timur Bearing Production workers 2020. While the factors that
have no relationship are noise intensity (p = 1,000), years of
service (p = 0.602), and use of APT (0.169). It is recommended
for companies to engineer overtime hours to reduce the length
of exposure and carry out training for work-related illnesses,
especially hearing loss, as a form of prevention of PAK.
Companies can start mapping to relocate workers> 40 years
old..
Keywords: Hearing Loss, Noise Intensity, Duration of
Exposure
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
INTRODUCTION
The use of advanced technology is indispensable to meet the needs of human life
widely, but without proper control, it can harm humans themselves. By utilizing
advanced information technology (IT), manufacturing industries are empowered to merge
physical and cyber worlds (Dilger et al., 2021). The use of advanced technology is
inevitable, especially in the industrial era marked by mechanization, electrification,
modernization and globalization. In this case the use of machines, aircraft, facilities and
Lutfi Dwi Aristiani, Mugi Wahidin, Hendry Amirudin and Gisely Violenita
Factors causing hearing disorders due to noise at PT X Jakarta Timur
bearing production in 2020 339
hazardous materials will continue to increase in accordance with industrialization needs.
But on the other hand, technological advances have also caused various adverse effects,
namely the emergence of various occupational diseases (Tarwaka, 2008). One of the
hazards that are often present in work locations is noise which causes hearing loss.
Scientifically, noise is defined as the sensation received by the ear as a result of a
steady fluctuation in air pressure "superimposing" atmospheric / air pressure. The ear will
respond to small fluctuations with great sensitivity. Noise can also be interpreted as a type
of vibration / energy that is conduced in air, liquid, solid, invisible, and can enter the ear
and cause a sensation on the hearing instrument. Meanwhile, according to regulations in
Indonesia, noise is a dangerous sound produced by a company or activity at a certain
level and time, which can cause disturbances to human health and environmental comfort.
(Kepmen LH No 48. th 1996). Noise causes various problems in life, including Noice
Induced Hearing Loses (NIHL). There has been a significant increase in noise in the
workplace with industrialization.
The World Health Organization (WHO) in its publication entitled addressing the
rising prevalence of healing loss stated that it is estimated that there are 466 million
people with hearing loss globally. WHO predicts that if action is not taken immediately,
there will be 630 million people living with hearing loss in 2030, this figure is estimated
to increase again to 900 million in 2050 (WHO, 2018). Hearing loss is the third most
common chronic disability in the United States, the National Institutes of Deafdness and
Other Communication Disorder (NIDCD) estimates that about 15% of Americans
between the ages of 20-69 experience hearing loss at higher test frequencies, suggesting
that hearing loss may be caused by exposure to loud noises (Sahota, 2017). WHO report
in 2012, the prevalence of hearing loss in Southeast Asia is 156 million people or 27% of
the total population (WHO, 2018).
According to the National Committee for the Management of Hearing Loss and
Deafness in 2014, hearing loss due to noise in Indonesia is among the highest in
Southeast Asia, which is around 36 million people or 16.8% of the total population
(Komnas PGPKT, 2014). The number of hearing loss sufferers in Indonesia is quite high,
around 4.6% of the population or 12 million people with a deafness prevalence of 2.6%
and is ranked 4th in Southeast Asia after Sri Lanka, Myanmar and India.
Any worker exposed to noise is at risk of hearing loss. The higher the noise
intensity, the longer the worker is exposed to the noise, and the higher the risk of hearing
loss suffered by the worker due to hearing loss. In the manufacturing and mining
industries, 40% of workers are exposed to high levels of noise for more than half of their
working hour, compared to 35% in the construction industry (Primadona, 2012).
According to a survey conducted in 1987 by the Classification Industrial Standards, the
primary metal industry ranks second, accounting for 32.7% of the total number of
workers exposed to noise. (National Safety Council, 2012).
Hearing loss due to noise is influenced by various factors, including noise
intensity, length of exposure to noise, genetics, years of service, age, use of ototoxic
drugs, use of ear protection and exposure to cigarette smoke.
Research at PT Indonesia Power UPB Semarang related to noise intensity, length
of work, years of service and age, and the use of personal protective equipment were
related to hearing loss due to noise (Septiana & Widowati, 2017). In line with research
conducted by Muhammad Rifqi at PT Acryl Textile Mills, it shows that there is a
relationship between age, years of service, smoking status and ear protection with hearing
loss (Rifqi, 2018). Research using the Case Control method conducted by Wulan Ayu at
PT Heinz ABC Indonesia - Daan Mogot shows that there is a relationship between age
and hearing loss (Pratiwi, 2019).
Lutfi Dwi Aristiani, Mugi Wahidin, Hendry Amirudin and Gisely Violenita
Factors causing hearing disorders due to noise at PT X Jakarta Timur
bearing production in 2020 339
semi-automatic machines and humans so that there are potential hazards, one of which is
noise. The production location called Ring Production produces noise with an intensity of
90 dB due to the collision of the grinding metal ring with the ring underneath so that the
noise with a high enough intensity is continuous. In addition, the danger of noise is
present in almost all production areas due to the large number of grinding machines
operating non-stop in one location.
Based on the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Control, the hazards faced
by operators in the Bearing Production area are heat and noise. Risk control carried out
by the company is in accordance with the risk control hierarchy. However, the results of
the hearing test health examination in 2019 showed that 42 employees had hearing
problems, including mild conductive hearing loss and mild hearing loss in 207 samples or
21.6%. The noise intensity is very high, that is, in the ringing area the average noise
intensity for each channel is 90 dB. Many factors can cause hearing loss in workers,
therefore this study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of noise
due to hearing loss in the bearing production section of PT X Jakarta Timur in 2020.
RESEARCH METHODS
This type of research is quantitative research, namely descriptive analysis through
a case control design. Data was collected through questionnaire surveys and additional
data, including 2019 physical examination data, company internal measurements and
employee attendance data. The population in this study were all employees of the Bearing
Production PT. SKF Indonesia in 2019 as many as 207 people. The control group in this
study were workers in the Bearing Production section who did not experience hearing
loss which was determined using a 1: 1 convenience sampling technique.
The instrument in this study has been tested for validity and reliability test with
the results of all questions declared valid and reliable. Furthermore, the normality test was
carried out using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, variable length of exposure and use of
ear protection equipment and obtained a significant value of the length of exposure and
use of APT, namely 0.00 <0.05, then it was decided to cut the point using the median.
Hearing loss variables at the risk (> 85 dB) and no risk (≤85 dB) cut-off point, the risk
category cutoff (≥5 years) and no risk (<5 years) age limit variable, the risk category limit
age variable ( ≥40 years) and not at risk (<40 years).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Result
1. Unvariate Analysis
The unvariate analysis in this study includes descriptive analysis of hearing loss
data, noise intensity, length of exposure, working period, age and use of APT as in the
table below.
Table 1 Distribution of hearing loss frequency, noise intensity, length of exposure, years
of service, age and use of ear protection equipment (APT)
Variable
Total
Percentage
40
100%
Dependen
Hearing disorders
Hearing
disorders
42
50
Normal
42
50
Independent
Noise Intensity
>85 dB
49
58.3
≤85 dB
35
41.7
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Based on table 1, the results of research regarding the frequency distribution of
respondents regarding noise intensity in the bearing production section, it can be seen that
the highest proportion of 49 drivers (58.3%) were exposed to noise> 85dB, 65 workers
(77.4%) were exposed to ≥ 5 hours of exposure, 65 drivers (77.4%) ) have a service life
of ≥ 5 years, 50 workers (59.5%) aged <40 years and 50 workers (59.5%) obey to use ear
protection.
2. Bivariate Analysis
The bivariate analysis in this study was tested by using the chi square test on 5
variables as follows.
Table 2 Statistical Test of Factors Associated with the Incidence of Hearing Loss Due to
Noise in the Bearing Production Section of PT X Jakarta Timur in 2020
Based on table 2, the results of the bivariate analysis show that there is a
relationship between the length of exposure and the hearing loss behavior of workers in
bearing production with (p-value 0.025 <0.05). Furthermore, there is a relationship
between age and hearing loss in bearing production workers (p-value 0.025 <0.05). There
is no
Duration of Exposure
≥ 5 Year
65
77.4
≤5 Year
19
22.6
Years of service
≥ 5 Year
65
77.4
≤5 Year
19
22.6
Age
≥40 Year
34
40.5
<40 Year
50
59.5
Use of APT
Use of APT
34
40.5
obey
50
59.5
Variable
Category
Hearing disorders
Total
P Value
OR (95%CI)
Case
Control
N
%
N
%
N
Noise
Intensity
>85 dB
25
59.5
24
57.1
49
1,000
1,103
(0,463-
2,627)
≤ 85 dB
17
40,5
18
42,9
35
Duration of
Exposure
9 jam
31
73,8
20
47,6
61
0.025
3,100
(1,240-
7,751)
< 9 jam
11
26,2
22
52,4
33
Years of
service
≥5
34
81
31
73,8
65
0.602
1,508
(0,537-
4,235)
<5
8
19
11
26,2
19
Age
≥40
24
57.1
10
23.8
34
0.004
4,267
(1,672-
10,888)
<40
18
42.9
32
76.2
50
Use of APT
<12
11
26,2
18
42,9
29
0.169
0,473
(0,189-
1,187)
≥12
31
73.8
24
57.1
55
Lutfi Dwi Aristiani, Mugi Wahidin, Hendry Amirudin and Gisely Violenita
Factors causing hearing disorders due to noise at PT X Jakarta Timur
bearing production in 2020 341
relationship between noise intensity and hearing loss of bearing production workers (p-
value 1,000> 0.05). There is no relationship between working tenure and hearing loss in
bearing production workers (p-value 0.602> 0.05) and there is no relationship between
the use of APT and hearing loss in bearing production parts (p-value 0.162> 0.05).
B. Discussion
1. Unvariate Analysis
a. Noise intensity.
The results showed that the highest proportion of noise exposure was at an
intensity> 85 dB of 49 people (58.3%). This can happen because the types of machines
found in the company are almost all of the same type, namely grinding machines and
assembling machines where the average noise measurement results are above 85 dB. The
results carried out wulan, (2019) at PT Heinz ABC Indonesia and Mogot, show that the
highest proportion is found in workers who are in an area of more than 85 dB at 87.7%
because some areas such as the Coji Room have a high noise intensity of 91 dB and on
machines. PHE 106 dB. Research conducted by (Mutingah, 2018) shows four (4) of the
six (6) sampling points of the noise source are above TLV with a range of 86.2 dB - 90.4
dB.
Noise is all unwanted sound that comes from production process equipment or
work tools which at a certain level can cause hearing loss. Scientifically, noise is defined
as the sensation received by the ear as a result of a steady fluctuation in air pressure
"supersimposing" atmospheric air pressure. The ear will respond to these small
fluctuations with great sensitivity (Salami, et al, 2015). Regulation of the Minister of
Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2018 states that the threshold value
of noise intensity for 8 hours of work is 85 dB (Regulation, 2018).
b. Duration of Exposure
Based on the results of the frequency distribution analysis, it is known that the
highest proportion of the variable length of exposure is ≥ 9 hours 51 workers (60.7%).
This can happen because all employees in the production department must pursue the
production output target by working overtime every day so that the length of exposure ≥ 9
hours becomes the highest proportion. This is in line with research conducted by (Asriani
Asrun et al, 2012) which shows the same proportion in the case group, namely 35 people
for the risk group (> 8 hours) and no risk (<85 hours). However, for the control group, the
proportion did not have more risk (49 respondents) than the non-risk group (21
respondents). This is not in line with research conducted by Widowati, 2017 which shows
that the highest proportion is in the no-risk group ≤ 85 DB with a total of 79 respondents.
According to Suma'mur, (2009) extending the working time more than the ability
of the length of work is usually not accompanied by efficiency, effectiveness and optimal
work productivity, in fact, it is usually seen that the quality and results of work and
working for a prolonged period of time arise a tendency to fatigue, health problems. ,
occupational illness and accidents and dissatisfaction. In Permenaker No. 5 years, 2018
states that the maximum length of exposure for 8 hours of work based on the mean is 85
DB and an increase of 3 dB for each exposure which is down from half the time before.
c. Years of service
From the results of the frequency distribution test, it is found that the highest
proportion of workers with a service period of> 5 years is 65 respondents (60.7%). This
can happen because 90% of employees at PT X Jakarta Timur are permanent employees
who joined since the company was founded in 1988 so that the work period of most
employees is more than 5 years. This study is not in line with research conducted by
Lutfi Dwi Aristiani, Mugi Wahidin, Hendry Amirudin and Gisely Violenita
Factors causing hearing disorders due to noise at PT X Jakarta Timur
bearing production in 2020 343
years) of 69 workers (49.7%) of 140 workers. However, it is in line with research
conducted by (Iana, 2019) that the highest proportion of workers at risk is 38 respondents
(73.1%) and those who are not at risk are 14 workers (26.9%).
In line with the theory expressed by (Budiono, 2008), tenure is the accumulation of
a person's work activities carried out over a long period of time. If these activities are
carried out continuously it will cause disturbances in the body. Exercise pressure at any
given time causes a decrease in muscle performance, with an indication that the
movement is increasingly low. The pressures are about to accumulate every day over a
long period of time, causing deterioration of health which is also said to be clinical or
chronic fatigue.
d. Age
From the results of the frequency distribution analysis, it was found that the highest
proportion was in the non-risk age category as many as 50 respondents (59.5%). This can
happen because the age range in the company is between 28 - 55 years (retirement age)
where automatically the number of employees who are <40 years old is far more than
employees with age ≥ 40 years. This research is in line with research conducted by Amira
Primadona, 2012 which states that 15 out of 60 respondents who are more than 40 years
old are because the company always opens the acceptance of new workers on condition
that they are still young. This is not in line with what was done by Muhammad Rifqi,
2018 at PT Acryl Textile Mills. 2018 shows the proportion of respondents who are at risk
(≥ 28 years) are 33 people and those who are not at risk are 26 people (44.1%). According
to the theory put forward by Tambunan, (2005) that Presbycusis is assumed to cause an
increase in the hearing threshold of 0.5 dB each year, starting from the age of 40 years.
Therefore, in calculating the level of disability or compensation, the correction aspect of
0.5 dB is used annually for workers over 40 years of age.
e. Use of APT
From the analysis, the highest distribution was in the adherent group, namely 55
respondents (65.5%). This can happen because employees feel that the use of PPE has
become a necessity because the noise that occurs is continuous noise to prevent
complaints due to noise such as dizziness, spinning heads and others. This research is in
line with research conducted by Rifqi, 2018 that the highest frequency is in the category
group using APT with a total of 35 respondents (59.3%). However, it is not in line with
the research conducted by Mutingah, 2018 that the largest respondents were in the group
not wearing APT, amounting to 36 respondents (70.6%) (Rifqi, 2018).
2. Bivariate Analysis
a. Relationship between Noise Intensity and Hearing Loss.
Based on the research results, it was found that there was no relationship between
noise intensity and hearing loss. Chi Square test shows p value = 1,000 (p> 0.05), which
means that there is no relationship between noise intensity and hearing loss. This can
occur due to the limitations of research that uses environmental noise measurements
which are measured using a sound level meter as a data source, instead of using
individual noise which is measured using a personal noise dosimeter which more
accurately measures noise exposure to each individual. It is also proven by statistical
results that the average noise intensity is the same between the case and control groups
with a number of 85.51 dB for cases and 86.22 dB. Respondents, both cases and controls,
were exposed to almost the same noise intensity because the types of machines used were
almost the same, namely grinding machines and assembling machines in one line, so that
the sound intensity produced was not too far apart.
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The results of this study are in accordance with Pratiwi's (2019) research on
workers at PT Heinz ABC Indonesia Daan Mogot, showing that there is no significant
relationship between noise intensity and hearing loss. Not only that, it also fits the
research tried by Rachmawati (2015) which reports that workers who work with great
seriousness have the risk of facing obstacles such as communication, physiological and
psychological issues. The seriousness of big noise if allowed to cause losses to workers,
both auditory constraints and non-auditory constraints.
For Suma 'mur (2009), noise with seriousness that exceeds TLV with long
exposure time and continuously can increase the risk of labor facing non-auditory
constraints, which can be seen by the presence of physiological constraints, psychological
constraints and communication problems.
b. Relationship between length of exposure per day and hearing loss
Chi Square test shows the p-value = 0.025, which means that there is a significant
relationship between the length of exposure and noise disturbance. The Odds Ratio
calculation shows a number of 3,100 with CI (1,240-7,751), which means that
respondents with more than 9 hours of exposure have a 3,100 higher risk of developing
hearing loss than respondents with ≤ 9 hours of exposure. Research by Evi Widowati,
2017 at PT. Indonesia Power UBP Semarang, which states that there is a relationship
between the length of exposure and hearing loss with a p value of 0.022. Not in line with
research conducted by Amira Primadona, 2012 at PT Pertamina Gheothermal Energi, the
p value is 1,000 which means there is no significant relationship between length of
exposure and hearing loss.
The existing theory states that the effect of worker noise is proportional to the
length of noise exposure. The longer the worker is exposed to the noise of eating, the
greater the risk of the worker experiencing hearing loss. amira (Suma'mur, 2009). From
the results of interviews with production supervisors, it can be seen that the company
must reach the daily target, namely a minimum bearing output of 100,000 pcs per day to
meet market needs so that the provisions for working overtime or working more than 8
hours are mandatory. Meanwhile, the mapping of workers to work in production lines is
based on skills such as hand speed for the packing section and mechanical engineering
expertise for employees on machines that are potentially damaged (trouble shooting) such
as grinding machines. Overtime arrangements by the company are made to make a
weekly schedule so that workers at least one day a week. The recommendation that the
researchers shared was one of them by carrying out training on diseases caused by deaf
obstacles to increase awareness of deaf obstacles and their dactor aspects. Overtime hours
engineering can also be tried to reduce the length of exposure to the exposure / day, either
within time or in rotation of the work position.
c. Relationship between Service Period and Hearing Loss
The results showed a p value of 0.602, which means that there is no significant
relationship between tenure and hearing loss. This is not in line with research conducted
by (Mega Putri, 2017) at PT GMF Aeroasia in 2017 which shows a p value = 0.006,
which means that there is a significant relationship between tenure and hearing loss. This
can occur because the average length of exposure between the case and control groups
differed only slightly, namely 15.01 years and 11.8 years for controls. From the results of
field observations, it can be seen that some respondents from the questionnaire results
wrote that in the first years of the work contract the respondents were in other locations
such as warehouse and production planning. This can be a counfounding variable that
affects the test results between years of service and hearing loss. This matter is also in
line with research conducted by Rifqi, 2018 at PT Acryl Textile Mills which shows that
there is a
Lutfi Dwi Aristiani, Mugi Wahidin, Hendry Amirudin and Gisely Violenita
Factors causing hearing disorders due to noise at PT X Jakarta Timur
bearing production in 2020 343
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meaningful bond between tenure and deaf problems.
The working period is the length of time or length of time a person works at an
institution, office, and so on (Koesindratmono et al, 2011). The theory put forward by
Budiono states that the working period is the accumulation of a person's work activities
carried out over a long period of time. If these activities are carried out continuously it
will cause disturbances in the body. Physical stress over a period of time can cause
decreased muscle performance and symptoms of reduced exercise. Stress builds up every
day over a long period of time, causing a deterioration in your health, which is known as
clinical or chronic fatigue. This occurs because compliant workers will wear an APT or
work rotation designed by the foreman to prevent workers from standing on high-
powered machines every day.
d. Relationship between Age and Hearing Loss
Bivariate analysis showed that the p value showed a value of 0.004 with an OR
value of 4.267 CI (1.672-10,888) where it can be interpreted that there is a significant
relationship between age and hearing loss with a possible risk level of 4,267 higher for
respondents aged ≥40 than respondents aged < 40 years. This is in line with Putri, 2017 in
her research on factors related to PT GMF Aeroasia 2017 hearing loss, the research report
shows that p-value = 0.001 which means the relationship between age and hearing loss is
very significant. Based on this research, research conducted by Rifqi in 2018 showed that
p-value = 0.01 which means there is a relationship between age and hearing loss.
The existing theory states that age is a factor that can cause hearing loss, but this
factor is an intrinsic factor which arises from the individual itself because with age,
human organs will decrease their function. In line with the theory that the average hearing
threshold will continue to increase by 0.5 dB per year starting from the age of 40 due to
presbycusis Tambunan.
Mapping done by the EHS Dept. has not included age in environmental
monitoring. Monitoring carried out by the EHS department is still limited to indoor
measurements by internal companies and outdoor noise measurements by third parties.
Interventions such as age-appropriate placement engineering have not been carried out.
The suggestion given by the researcher to the company is that the company begins to
make a mapping for the relocation of workers aged> 40 years and then placed in work
locations with lower exposure than those aged <40 years to minimize presbycusis.
e. The Relationship between Using APT and Hearing Loss
The results of the analysis using Chi Square showed a p value of 0.169, which
means that there is no significant relationship between the use of APT and hearing loss.
This can occur because the average adherence score between the case and control groups
is 12.83 for the case group and 12 for the control group. The results of observations with
production operators in the field, there are several things that affect the use of APT such
as APT material which for some causes irritation, the type of work that sometimes
requires removing the APT such as when looking for pressure pipe leaks based on sound,
as well as understanding factors of the importance of using APT on employees itself. The
patrols carried out by the EHS department recorded a graph of the use of APT based on
the location of the department only, but did not include in detail the names of anyone who
was not compliant in using APT. This study is in line with research conducted by Amira
Primadona (2012), which states that there is no correlation between the use of APT and
hearing loss because the survey data conducted by researchers are homogeneous. Almost
all employees are in the obedient category. Not in line with research conducted by (Dini,
2015) at PT Dirgantara Indonesia, it was stated that there was a significant relationship
between the use of APT and hearing disorders with p value = 0.55 (p ≤ 0.05).
Lutfi Dwi Aristiani, Mugi Wahidin, Hendry Amirudin and Gisely Violenita
Factors causing hearing disorders due to noise at PT X Jakarta Timur
bearing production in 2020 345
The ear protection device (APT) is the last option in the control hierarchy. Since
the main area of human noise damage is hearing (inner ear), this control method uses a
device that can reduce the noise entering the inner and middle ear. Ear protection
equipment can reduce sound intensity by 20 to 30 dB (Kit Et All, 2009).
According to the existing theory, the compliance of workers using APT, the
possibility of hearing loss will be smaller. However, this can occur due to various factors,
one of which is bias because the questionnaire distributed via google form is perceived
differently by respondents with the intent of the researcher. The researcher conducted the
survey twice, first through google form and distributed virtually then the researcher went
straight to the field while explaining question after question for each worker, so the
results obtained were quite different. The second is related to the limitations of this study,
that these questions are used to recall the use of Respondent APT in 2019 where data for
cases were taken from medical check-up data 2019. Conditions in the field show that
respondents on average always use APT unless there is a problem machine hose leaks
where ear protection tools must be removed because the ears are functioned to hear the
sound of compressed air flow to find leaks.
CONCLUSION
From the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that most of
the workers are exposed to noise> 85 dB of 58.3%, length of exposure ≥9 is
60.7%, working period ≥5 years is 77.4%, worker age ≥ 40 = 34 people, and the
use of APT <12 (non-compliant) = 26.2%. There was no significant relationship
between noise intensity and hearing loss. There was a significant association
between length of exposure and hearing loss. There was no significant
relationship between tenure and hearing loss. There is a significant relationship
between age and hearing loss. There was no significant relationship between the
use of APT and hearing loss.
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