How to cite:

Mariana Ngundju Awang, Wilhelmina Apriana Ariesta Woda, Diyan

Maria Kristin. (2022). Causes of Violence Against Women and

Children based on 7 (Seven) Root Causes of Violence according to

Kauffman, 1999 & Nur Iman Subono, 2018. Journal Eduvest. Vol

2(6): 1.184-1.194

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Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 6, June, 2022

p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727

CAUSES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN BASED

ON 7 (SEVEN) ROOT CAUSES OF VIOLENCE ACCORDING TO

KAUFFMAN, 1999 & NUR IMAN SUBONO, 2018

Mariana Ngundju Awang

, Wilhelmina Apriana Ariesta Woda

, Diyan Maria

Kristin

1,3

Department of Midwifery, Health Polytechnic of Kupang,

Prof. W. Z.

Johannes Hospital Kupang, Indonesia

Email: lovemyspecia[email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received:

May, 26

2022

Revised:

June, 13

2022

Approved:

June, 17

2022

Background: Background: The amount of violence against girls

in recent years has always been the third highest. In the realm

of domestic violence/personal relations, it presents that being

a girl in the house is no longer a safe thing. They experience

sexual violence. Percentage of Women Victims of Violence in

NTT Province comprise of: persecution is 44.03%, humiliation

is 65.01%, harassment is 7.12%, neglect is 12.71%, and others

13.02%. As much as 68.85% of perpetrators are parents and

victims of violence against girls 1.91% in rural areas and 2.23

in urban areas. Research Objective: Identifying the Causes of

Violence against Women and Children based on 7 (seven) Root

Causes of Violence according to Kauffman, 1999 & Nur Iman

Subono 2018. Research Method: The type of research is mixed

method: qualitative and quantitative studies with descriptive

research types. Informants are parents of married men and

women aged <65 years with the sample criteria still being

wife/husband, not widow/widower divorcing alive/dead, living

together for more than 1 year. Girls and boys aged 18-25 years

and unmarried, living with their parents. Conclusion: Most of

the respondents stated that the reason why men commit

violence is because of the dominant patriarch culture,

masculinity, past experiences of violence and erreneous

Mariana Ngundju Awang, Wilhelmina Apriana Ariesta Woda, Diyan Maria

Kristin

Causes of Violence Against Women and Children based on 7 (Seven) Root Causes of

Violence according to Kauffman, 1999 & Nur Iman Subono, 2018 1.185

understanding of customs and religion & law enforcement

which is not firm or unfair.

KEYWORDS

HeForShe, Violence against women and children, Kupang

City & Regency

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact in aspects of life, where

women and children are one of the vulnerable groups affected. It is because they possess

specific needs that they must fulfill regarding the nature of women, which are pregnancy,

childbirth, and breastfeeding, as well as the existence of a home study policy that requires

women as mothers to accompany their children to study at home. The pandemic has

increased the risk of gender-based violence (GBV), one of which is domestic violence

(DV). It is because many women as mothers are workers, thus, they also have to do waiting

office tasks, as well as do household work which is frequently burdened by women. Based

on data from Sistem Informasi Online Perlindungan Perempuan dan Anak (SIMFONI

PPA) or the Online Information System for the Protection of Women and Children, from

March 14 to April 22 2020, there have been 105 cases of violence against women, with 106

victims, 67 of whom experienced domestic violence. Many female workers were dismished

from their workplace due to the pandemic, and women migrant workers who were

repatriated from their countries of employment. These various problems commonly lead to

acts of violence against women, due to their weak economic level, education, or their

psychological condition which is shaken by various problems in the current pandemic

(Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan & Anak, 2016). There are four factors that cause

domestic violence against women, particularly physically and sexually by partners, which

are individuals, partners, socio-cultural, and economic (Pramudya, 2014)

Efforts to involve men in gender equality issues, especially gender-based violence,

have been enacted for a long time in the world, even in Indonesia. One program that was

quite early in promoting the involvement of men in ending gender-based violence was the

MenCare+ program, then followed by another program, which was the Prevention+

program conducted by the Rutgers WPF institution involving men to care more in

Prevention+. Prevention+ is the next program of MenCare+ which focuses on preventing

gender-based violence by integrating a male-involvement approach. These two programs

are specifically focused on involving men in ending gender-based violence. The objective

of this program is to realize gender equality as an ideal condition for the fulfillment of

sexual and reproductive rights and health and dismantle existing gender norms ((Simaibang

& Bajari, 2019)(Pramudya, 2014)(Prantiasih, Yuhdi, & Awaliyah, 2016) Yayasan Jurnal

Perempuan, 2016). In this condition, there is no longer any incentive to commit acts of

violence, especially against women, thereby preventing or reducing the potential dangers

of neglecting the principle of gender equality and the dangers which threaten sexual and

reproductive health rights; while other programs seek to accelerate the socialization of the

importance of the rights of women, mothers and young people, whose rights are already

protected by law (Komnas Perempuan & Tahunan, 2020), (Sitawati & Wuryaningsih, n.d.)

as well as increasing the role of men as husbands and traditional/cultural leaders in helping

women or wives during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding as a way to prevent

maternal and child deaths (Awang, 2019).

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 6, June 2022

1.186 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

Cooperation from all elements of society is also tremendously important. Society as

a layer at the grassroots, becomes the most important group in efforts to protect women.

Through these efforts, definitely, it will make women's position stronger and in a safe and

prosperous condition. If women are protected and prosperous, it will influence on the

quality improvement of care for children and strengthening family resilience at all levels

of society. It is expected to give birth to quality children as the nation's next generation.

The most fundamental problem in efforts to enhance the quality of life for women and

children is the development approach that has not accommodated the importance of

equality between women and men, girls and boys in gaining access, participation, control,

and development benefits. For this reason, gender mainstreaming is required as one of the

strategies to realize development that can be enjoyed in a fair, effective and accountable

manner by the entire population, including women, men, girls and boys. National

development aims to improve the quality of human resources and realize people's welfare.

Improving the quality of human resources as one of the keys to successful development is

adjusted to the diversity of aspirations and obstacles to the progress of male and female

community groups. This process requires a strategy that places the people in an active

position as development actors. Playing people as actors means playing women and men

as actors. This philosophy is then applied in development programs through gender

mainstreaming strategies in development (Sakina, n.d.).

RESEARCH METHOD

The type of research used in this study is the mixed method, which is a type of

qualitative research with the phenomenological method that will explore data to identify

the meaning of the basic and essential things of the phenomenon, reality, or experience

encountered by the object of research. Quantitative research with descriptive method is a

method in examining the status of a group of people, an object, a set of conditions, a system

of thought or a class of events in the present with the aim of making a systematic, factual

and accurate description, picture, or illustration of the fact, the properties and relationships

between the investigated phenomena (Dr, 2008). The population in the study were

respondents consisting of married men and women aged <65 years with the sample criteria

being wife/husband, not widow/widower divorcing alive/dead, living together for more

than 2 years. Girls and boys aged 18-25 years and not yet married, living with their parents.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. The results achieved in the study can be described as follows:

1. Characteristics of respondents

Table 1. Frequency distribution of respondents' age, gender, length of marriage

Age (years)

Gender

Length of marriage (years)

Parents

21 – 35

36 - 65

< 5

10 (20)

22 (44)

28 (56)

29(58)

21 (42)

5 – 10

15(30)

> 10

25 (50)

Children

18 - 21

22 - 25

24 (48)

26 (52)

20 (40)

30(60)

Mariana Ngundju Awang, Wilhelmina Apriana Ariesta Woda, Diyan Maria

Kristin

Causes of Violence Against Women and Children based on 7 (Seven) Root Causes of

Violence according to Kauffman, 1999 & Nur Iman Subono, 2018 1.187

The data above shows 56 percent of the responses of parents aged more than 35

years and 50 percent of them have lived together for more than 10 years, while 52 percent

of child respondents are aged 22-25 years and 60 percent are women.

Table 2. Data on the frequency distribution of Respondents' Education, Occupation

and Religion

EDUCATION

OCCUPATION

RELIGION

Parents

Primary –

Junior High

Senior

High –

Univer

sity

Working

Not

working

Christian

Islam

18 (36)

32 (64)

29 (58)

21 (42)

33 (66)

17 (24)

Chilren

Senior High

Univers

ity

Christian

Islam

10 (20)

40 (80)

35 (70)

25 (30)

The data above presents that the education level of the respondent's parents is 64

percent of Senior High School – University while 80 percent of children are college, 58

percent of parents work either as ASN (Civil Servant), Polri (Indonesian Policemen),

laborers, traders, private sector and the majority of respondents are Christian, 66-70

percent.

Table 3. The dominant power of the father (Patriarch)

The table above displays 85 percent of Power On The Father (PATRIACHI). This

is in accordance with the results of the LRC - KJHAM, 2016 research which asserts that

violence against women is due to a patriarchal culture that is difficult to abolish, which is

rooted in placing women in the lowest position and men as superior. Women are only

Dominant power to the father (Patriarch)

YES

TOTAL

∑

Originally a type of family dominated by men

100

Past; The patriarch's large household consisting

of women, young men, children, slaves, and

domestic servants who are all under the rule of

the male ruler

100

Today: men's power is the relationship that

causes men to dominate women

100

A system that keeps women under control in

various ways

100

Average

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

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likened to konco wingking in Javanese which means “a complementary partner” or the

terms Macak (making up), Manak (giving birth) and Masak (cooking) (3 M) which causes

women to be limited in the public sphere. In other words, they are considered incompetent

in terms of knowledge and skills ((Sebab dan Akar Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan – LRC-

KJHAM, n.d.)

Table 4. Privileges

Privilege

YES

TOTAL

∑

The experience of a man who commits

violence does not have to revolve around his

desire to maintain his power.

100

Generally, violence is considered as a logical

result of a man's feeling or understanding that

he has certain privileges in his life.

100

It is not always inequalities of power that lead

to violence, but awareness, or often ignorance,

of the understanding that one has certain

privileges is the cause.

100

Average

86.7

13.3

Based on the table above, 85% of men's experiences of violence do not have to revolve

around their desire to maintain their power. Generally, violence is considered a logical

result of men's feelings/understandings that he has certain privileges in his life such as

assuming that women are individuals whom he must educate. If the woman makes a

mistake, it is the right of a man as a leader over women to teach a lesson in the form of

violence against women ((Subono, 2018) (Chandra-Mouli et al., 2017). According to Sylvia

Walby, 2018 that men who frequently commit violence are those who historically grew up

in problematic families (Mauer, 2018)(Bowo, 2010)

Table 5. Permission

Permission

YES

TOTAL

∑

Men's violence against women, whatever the

cause, can actually not continue if there are no

permissive conditions, whether open or hidden,

from customs, law enforcement, regulations, or

religious teachings.

100

Male acts of violence are frequently celebrated

as in sports and in the media.

100

The historical roots of patriarchal society: the

use of violence as the main means of resolving

disputes and differences, whether between

individuals, groups of men, and nations.

100

Average

80,3

19.7

Around 80.3 percent violence against women, regardless of the cause, can actually

not continue if there are no permissive conditions, whether open or hidden, from customs,

law enforcement, regulations, or religious teachings. It is in accordance with the case

findings, which is 90% of cases of gender-based violence stagnate in efforts to handle cases

Mariana Ngundju Awang, Wilhelmina Apriana Ariesta Woda, Diyan Maria

Kristin

Causes of Violence Against Women and Children based on 7 (Seven) Root Causes of

Violence according to Kauffman, 1999 & Nur Iman Subono, 2018 1.189

and victims do not get the proper response, Komnas Perempuan (National Female

Department) urges the state to immediately revise the Marriage Law related to the

minimum age limit for marriage and regarding polygamy, revoke without delay all

discriminatory local regulations and perform restoration of past human rights victims. The

number of discriminatory local regulations in various regions, the failure of the Judicial

Review of the Marriage Law and the weak handling of cases at the Integrated Service

Center for the Empowerment of Women and Children (P2TP2A) have made the situation

of fulfilling women's human rights in Indonesia not yet moving forward. The state is not

here to provide maximum protection for women (Masduqi, Bahrul Fuad ; Komardjaja,

Inge ; Thohari, Slamet ; Lusli, V.L Mimi Mariani ; Adinda, Titiana ; Kristiyanti, Emilia ;

Harahap, Rachmita Maun ; Riyadi, Edisius ; Wijaya, 2010)

Violence arises from religious teachings or erroneous religious understandings,

interpretations and thoughts where women are only considered as commodities or goods

that can be inherited. Gender biased religious understanding which is the root of violence

is the result of interpretation not from religious teachings(Nur Khoiriyah, 2018) (Huriani,

n.d.)

Table 6. The Paradox of Men’s Power

The Paradox of Men’s Power

YES

TOTAL

∑

Men are also referred to as “Men's contradictory

experience of power.”

100

The ways in which men construct their

individual and social power are paradoxically a

source of fear, isolation, insecurity, and pain for

the men themselves.

100

Average

It is almost certain that all religions on this earth teach in their doctrine the goodness

and peace of human life. Islam teaches compassion (mercy) for all nature, Christianity

teaches love, Buddhism teaches simplicity, and Confucianism teaches wisdom (Wibisono,

Truna, & Ziaulhaq, 2020). In essence, on the one hand, the noble goal of every human being

and all religions is to uphold the values of peace and a commitment to non-violence, but

on the other hand, why does violence in the name of religion always occur at the expense

of many of its people? It seems paradoxical, because on the one hand, religion teaches

noble values about peace, but on the other hand, religion is also responsible for the

bloodshed of fellow human beings.

According to (Amin, n.d.), it is stated that certain individuals/groups who commit

violence are frequently caused by unfavorable situations for them. The situation in question

is the occurrence of injustice, continuous oppression, so that it provides rise to anger in

order to respond to the source of the cause of the anger. Reality does not in the least prove

that social conflicts are more due to the issue of uneven sharing of authority or unfair. It is

corroborated by the modern conflict theorist, Ralf Dahrendorf, quoted by George Ritzer &

Douglas JG (2005), who elaborates that the emergence of systematic social conflict in all

associations is caused by differences in the distribution of authority. The meaning of the

word, authority or power has been the main determinant of individual or group conflict.

Those who occupy certain positions of authority, automatically control their subordinates

and position themselves as superordinates who have power over the subordinates (which

are controlled), from a sociological perspective, those who are in power because of the

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product of the expectations of the people around them, and not because of their own

psychological characteristics, but it is because of position that makes a person full of

authority. As a result, because authority is legitimate, various punishments can be imposed

on opposing parties, encompassing the legitimacy of violent practices. It applies to anyone

who is positioned as a holder of authority or power (Juneman Abraham, 2015).

Table 7. The Psychic Armor of Manhood

The Psychic Armor of Manhood

YES

TOTAL

∑

Male violence is also the result of a

character structure that stems from

emotional distancing from others.

100

The socialization of children in the

family is frequently marked by the

absence of fathers or adult men, or

at least, the emotional distance of

men.

100

There is a kind of 'armor' as a stiff

ego shield.

100

Average

When a child feels neglected by his father because he is not involved in his life, he

tends to grow up to be a person who has difficulty managing emotions and feels less

confident as well as difficulties in social interaction, hence, not a few withdraw from the

environment. Behavioral problems of fatherless children have difficulty adjusting to social

environments and are frequently involved in problems related to friendship. It can take

many forms, but many become arrogant and intimidate others to cover up their fear, hatred,

anxiety, and unhappiness. Low academic achievement at school can be caused by many

factors, the absence of a father in a child's life is one of them. According to

psycologytoday.com, 71 percent of high school students who were expelled were fatherless

children. Fatherless children tend to have problems when growing up, especially girls

whose fathers are not present are vulnerable to exploitation by adult men. Likewise with

drug abuse, fatherless children have a 5 times higher risk of experiencing physical,

emotional, and sexual violence than children whose fathers play an active role. Research

revealed that children under school age who do not live with their biological parents are 40

times more likely to experience sexual violence. Mental health problems, such as anxiety,

depression, and even suicide, are more likely to be experienced by fatherless children. Not

only affecting mental health, fatherless children are reported to be more at risk of

experiencing health problems, such as acute and chronic pain, asthma, headaches, and

stomachaches (Kurniasari, Widodo, Susantyo, & Wismayanti dan Irmayani,

2017)(Girirajan, Campbell, & Eichler, 2011)(Allgood, Beckett, & Peterson, 2012)

A father figure as a role model for children is required, particularly when children

are in the golden period, that is the ages of 7-14 years and 8-15 years. It is not discussing

about cases where the absence of a father figure for the child is caused by uncontrollable

factors, such as passing away when the child is still small. Strengthening the father's role

can be performed by being present and providing time for the child, as well as showing

affection. Parenting is the responsibility of both parents, so that children grow and develop

optimally. “As a result, men tend to be reactive when stressed, such as bad moods and

higher levels of psychological stress. They had a bad relationship with their father as a

child," says psychologist Melanie Mallers, a stress health researcher at California State

Mariana Ngundju Awang, Wilhelmina Apriana Ariesta Woda, Diyan Maria

Kristin

Causes of Violence Against Women and Children based on 7 (Seven) Root Causes of

Violence according to Kauffman, 1999 & Nur Iman Subono, 2018 1.191

University Fullerton. Furthermore, the attitude of the father in front of his son will also

affect the character of the child as an adult particularly the attitude of the father towards

their mothers. If fathers treat their wives with respect and affection in front of their sons,

they will learn how to respect and interact well with the opposite sex, especially their

mothers. When they see their fathers interacting with other men, they will learn how to

talk, socialize and solve problems masculine or gentleman (Leidy, Schofi, & Parke,

2020)(Lamb & Lewis, 2010)(Sarkadi, Kristiansson, Oberklaid, & Bremberg, 2008).

Tabel 8. Past Experience

Past Experience

YES

TOTAL

∑

Based on various research results, male

perpetrators of violence mostly come from families

where violence occurs in their lives.

100

They grow up witnessing or experiencing violent

behavior as a daily norm.

100

The culture of violence that grew in their past lives

was in turn carried over to the adults they are today.

100

Average

Children who witness repeated incidents of violence in their homes, and witness

their mothers (girls) being victims, can develop the same pattern of relationships in

adulthood. Quite a lot of male perpetrators of violence against their partners came from

abusive families in their childhood, used to witness the violence perpetrated by their fathers

on their mothers, not infrequently he himself was also a victim of father's violence.

Meanwhile, women who in their childhood are in a family atmosphere will also see and

learn to believe that men are creatures who must win, stubborn and selfish, must be served,

while women are creatures who must serve, adapt, and try to please men in various ways

(Lia Sitawati, 2019)(Jovanoski, Kire, & Ph, 2021)(Swan, Gambone, Caldwell, Sullivan, &

Snow, 2008)(Adebayo, 2014)

Tabel 9. Masculinity as a Psychic Pressure Cooker

Masculinity as a Psychic Pressure Cooker

YES

TOTAL

∑

Masculinity (muscle) is a social definition given by

society to men which directs how men should

behave, dress and look and what attitudes and

qualities a man should possess.

100

An in-depth understanding of the gendered nature of men's social relationships and

the ways in which masculinity and men's social relationships interact can affect men's

mental health. Findings from interviews with 15 men provide rich insight into men's

diversity, practice patterns in seeking or mobilizing social support. Meanwhile, some men

differentiate between their social relationships with men and women, others have difficulty

mobilizing support from existing connections. Some men maintain a desire to be

independent, denying the need for social support, whereas others build support networks

from which they can actively seek support (Pasalbessy, 2010). Masculinity (also called

masculinity or virility) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and

boys. Masculinity can be understood as a social construct, and there is also evidence that

some behaviors that are considered masculine are influenced by cultural and biological

factors. The extent to which masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is debatable.

It differs from the definition of the biological male sex because anyone can show masculine

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traits. Standards of masculinity vary across cultures and historical periods. Men question

their dominance as men and the rights granted to men solely on the basis of gender

following the feminist movement. John Beynon argued that masculinity and men are used

to be combined and it is not clear whether masculinity, men or both are in crisis. He writes

that the "crisis" is not a recent phenomenon, describing several periods of masculine crises

throughout history (some predating the women's movement and post-industrial society),

pointing out that because of the fluid nature of masculinity that "crises are constitutive of

masculinity itself." (McKenzie, Collings, Jenkin, & River, 2018)(Luis & Moncayo, 2007)

Table 10 Summary of Identification of 7 Root Causes of Violence against Women and

Children

7 Root Causes of Violence against Women and

Children

YES

TOTAL

∑

Dominant power to the father (Patriarch)

100

The experience of a man who commits violence

does not have to revolve around his desire to

maintain his power.

100

Men's violence against women, whatever the

cause, can actually not continue if there are no

permissive conditions, whether open or hidden,

from customs, law enforcement, regulations, or

religious teachings.

100

Men are also referred to as “men's contradictory

experience of power.”

100

Male violence is also the result of a character

structure that stems from emotional distancing

from others.

100

Based on various research results, male

perpetrators of violence mostly come from

families where violence occurs in their lives.

100

Masculinity (muscle) is a social definition given

by society to men which directs how men should

behave, dress and look and what attitudes and

qualities a man should have.

100

CONCLUSION

Men play a significant role in helping the mother or wife during pregnancy,

childbirth and breastfeeding, which is: the role of men when the wife is pregnant is

preparing himself as a prospective father by following the development of the wife's

pregnancy and supporting preparation for childbirth; the role of men when the wife gives

birth is accompanying the wife before and at during childbirth by providing motivation to

encounter pain and struggle to give birth; the role of men when the wife is breastfeeding is

supporting the success of breastfeeding, particularly exclusive breastfeeding.

 
Mariana Ngundju Awang, Wilhelmina Apriana Ariesta Woda, Diyan Maria 
Kristin 
Causes of Violence Against Women and Children based on 7 (Seven) Root Causes of 
Violence according to Kauffman, 1999 & Nur Iman Subono, 2018  1.193 
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