How to cite:
Abd. Rahman Rahim. (2022). Pronominal Affix of Bugic Language
Enjoyable Dialec. Journal Eduvest. Vol 2(5): 1.008-1.016
E-ISSN:
2775-3727
Published by:
https://greenpublisher.id/
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 5, May, 2022
p- ISSN 2775-3735- e-ISSN 2775-3727
PRONOMINAL AFFIX OF BUGIC LANGUAGE ENJOYABLE
DIALEC
Abd. Rahman Rahim
University of Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Received:
April, 26
th
2022
Revised:
May, 14
th
2022
Approved:
May, 16
th
2022
In terms of social strata, the same language has different
variations if it is spoken by groups of people with lower-middle
social strata and upper-middle social strata. This study aims to
describe the variation of Bugis pronominal affixes in the Ennak
dialect used by Bugis speakers in Sinjai Regency. This research
is classified into the type of qualitative descriptive research.
The data in this study are the speeches of the Bugis people in
Sinjai Regency or the Ennak dialect. Data collection was carried
out by speaking and tapping techniques. This study uses
intralingual equivalent data analysis. Data that is compared
with intralingual equivalents are differences and similarities
which have other names, namely HBS (Same Comparative
Relations) and HBB (Different Comparative Relations), both of
which are advanced techniques in data analysis. The results
showed that the use of Bugis pronominal affixes in the Ennak
dialect consisted of proclitic and enclitic. has a different style
from the use of the clitic form in Indonesia.
KEYWORDS
Affixation, Pronouns, Clitics, Bugis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
INTRODUCTION
Language is an individual expression. Language variety refers to various forms of
language that are triggered by social factors (Rahayu & Iman, 2022). Language can change
due to several factors, including geographical factors, individual factors, and other social
factors. This actual change produces language variations that can give rise to certain
characteristics called dialects (Nurdiansyah & Hudriyah, 2021). This variation is usually
spoken by a group of people characterized by systematic features (eg phonological, lexical,
Abd. Rahman Rahim
Pronominal Affix of Bugic Language Enjoyable Dialec 1.009
and grammatical) that distinguish it from other variations of the same language (Ningsih &
Erdlanda, 2018).
A dialect is a system governed by rules, with systematic deviations from other
dialects within the same language. Dialect is used to refer to the language spoken by people
of a particular geographic or social group. Research on linguistic or dialectal characteristics
has been studied by many researchers. Research conducted by Stanford (2007:284). The
results showed that immigrant women maintained the dialect of their home clan at a very
high level rather than learning the traits of the husband's clan.
Geographically, the Bugis Sinjai dialect of Ennak is part of the main Bugis
language itself. The Bugis language in Sinjai is a variation of the Bugis dialect (Rahayu &
Iman, 2022). The Sinjai Bugis dialect is also classified as the Ennak dialect (Tiani, 2018).
As a variation of the Bugis language, the Sinjai dialect can be influenced by the internally
built language contact (Bugis language) itself.
Based on this explanation, this study reveals the characteristics of the Ennak dialect
of Bugis language compared to the Palakka dialect of Bugis language seen from the
variation of word forms (Husain, 2016). The use of variations in the form of the word is
seen in two different areas of Bugis language usage, namely Sinjai Regency and Bone
Regency so that similarities, differences, and uniqueness can be revealed as a characteristic
of the Ennak dialect spoken by the people of Sinjai Regency.
Bugis language is a connecting language and is one of the supporters of regional
culture which has a fairly old history and tradition (Hadi & Kusumaningrum, 2020).
Therefore, the Bugis language is a communication tool that is no less important in the South
Sulawesi area. Its users are almost all levels of society in South Sulawesi, especially in the
Regencies of Sinjai, Wajo, Bone, Soppeng, Barru, Pare-Pare, and Sidrap. The use of the
Bugis language can be found such as by traditional leaders, traders, businessmen, even in
the world of education Bugis is still used as the language of instruction until the third grade
of elementary school.
Each language has its own word formation system which is likely to differ from
one language to another (Hastuti, Pranawengtyas, & Nitayadnya, n.d.). Likewise, the Bugis
language. In terms of word formation, Bugis recognizes the processes of affixation,
reduplication and compounding. The formation of these words is commonly called a
morphological process or a morphemic process (Rasyid & Husain, 2016).
Affixation is the process of giving affixes to the basic form and the original form.
Affix is a form of bound morpheme that tends to be used in language. As a bound
morpheme, affixes cannot stand alone and do not yet have meaning. New affixes are
meaningful when they are joined to certain words. The process of joining affixes to the
basic form is called affixation. Affixation is a form of morphological process. The Bugis
pronoun system is quite complex and unique in nature. The form varies, which is closely
related to the morphology and syntax. Then, there are pronoun prefixes that act as subjects,
in addition there are also suffixes that can act as subjects and can also act as objects
(Uniawati, n.d.)
The problem in this research is focused on the form of Bugis pronoun affixes in
the Ennak dialect in Sinjai Regency. When compared with the main dialect of the Bugis
language, the delicious dialect has many differences even though they both use the Bugis
language. In essence, languages can change with verbal and non-verbal influences. (Sahib
& Hum, 2014) explains that the influence of verbal language turns out to be like the
influence of culture which has a short-term nature or does not last long if it is not used
continuously or when society does not accept the culture. Verbal influence is one of the
causative factors for many languages in the world, including Austronesian. Meanwhile, the
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 5, May 2022
1.010 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
influence of non-verbal language relates to the lifestyle of language speakers whose
meaning is stronger symbolically and is dynamic.
Meanwhile, (Tanjung & Timur, n.d.) expresses the notion of dialect as a form of
speech used by certain people who have differences from other regions, but people with
the same language can still know the language. Variations of a language can be classified
on the basis of geographical, social, and political distribution of the language.
Geographically, a language can be spoken differently by groups of people living in
mountainous areas and coastal areas of the sea. In terms of social strata, the same language
has different variations if it is spoken by groups of people with lower-middle social strata
and upper-middle social strata. In short, dialect can be understood as a variety of language
that is a distinguishing feature for groups in society, but these differences can be understood
together as a wealth of language and remain a lingua franca if used together.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is classified into the type of qualitative descriptive research. The data
in this study are the speeches of the Bugis people in Sinjai Regency. The source of the data
is the people living in the area. Data collection was carried out by speaking and tapping
techniques. This study uses intralingual equivalent data analysis, by comparing the
properties and characteristics contained in the use of pronominal affixes in the Bugis dialect
of Ennak with Indonesian. Data that is compared with intralingual equivalents are
differences and similarities which have other names, namely HBS (Same Comparison) and
HBB (Different Comparison), both of which are advanced techniques in data analysis.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Clitic Persona Pronouns
Clitic is a construction consisting of single morphemes which are generally small
in form, and morphologically stand alone, but phonologically can precede or follow other
morphemes closely. What precedes another morpheme is called proclitic, and what follows
another morpheme is called enclitic. The above understanding is in line with the
understanding explained by Verhaar which states that klitk are short words that are not
accented and therefore always rely on an accented word form as its constituent (Verhaar,
n.d.).
Basically, there are several kinds of cliches, but what will be discussed is only
pronominal cliches, namely clitics of the types of personal pronouns. This pronominal clitic
in Bugis, especially enclitic, is very productive in its use. In Bugis language, clitic form of
personal pronouns are basically forms of basic personal pronouns (free form persons) that
undergo changes or variations in form. This form variation occurs because of differences
in the function or distribution of its appearance in sentences.
For example in the following sentence:
(1) Mappakeak haju gahu 'I wear blue clothes',
(2) The gahu shirt is the 'blue shirt I'm wearing'. In these two sentences, it appears that
there are variations in the pronoun form, namely —(ak and u- which have the same
meaning, namely 'I'.
The pronominal —(ak) in the word mappakeak 'I use' seems to be tied to the active
verb 'mappake 'memakai', while the pronominal (u-) in the word upake 'I use' is tied to the
passive verb. If these two sentences are viewed in terms of their syntactic function, the
pronominal —(ak) in sentence (1) occupies the function as the subject of the actor, and
Abd. Rahman Rahim
Pronominal Affix of Bugic Language Enjoyable Dialec 1.011
(u-) in sentence (2) occupies the function as the object of the actor. The pronouns of the
clitic form can be divided into two groups, namely for left attached or proclitic bound and
right attached or enclitic bound forms. For more details, see the following example:
1. I eat mango (Manreak pao)
2. Mango I eat (Fao uanre)
In the following, the pronominal persona and their changes in the form of the
proclitic and enclitic form of the persona are presented. These changes are basically
determined by the position of the person in relation to the category level, function level,
and role level (Verhaar, n.d.).
1. Pronoun Persona Proclitic Form
The proclitic form is clitic which is chronologically bound to the word that follows
it (Kridalaksana, 1983). This proclitic personal pronoun is a variation or allomorph of the
free form personal pronoun. This proclitic form can be attached to the class of verbs (both
transitive and intransitive), adjectives, and numerals. For more details, see the following
description:
a. Proclitic + Verb (Prokj + V)
Example:
Examples of its use in sentences:
The examples of sentences above show that the proclitic ku-, mu-, and na can be
constructed with either passive or active verbs. The proclitic attached to this verb expresses
the meaning of doing the work as stated in the root word.
b. Proclitic + Adjective (Procl + Adj)
Example:
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 5, May 2022
1.012 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
From the examples above, it can be seen that the proclitic ku-, mu-, na- and na- can
be constructed with adjectives. The proclitic attached to this adjective contains the meaning
in the situation as stated in the root word.
c. Proclitic + Numeralia (Prokl + Num)
Example:
1. “kutellui eddi beppae”
2. “Muadduai is inanre”
3. “Iyana eddi tadduai kofie”
It means:
1. “We share these three cakes”
2. "You two are food"
3. “Just split this coffee in half”
From the series of examples (1, 2, and 3) above, it can be seen that the left-bound
morphemes appear, namely ku-, mu-, ta-, and na- which are attached to the verb, adjective,
and numeral word classes. The bound morphenes are personal pronouns, each of which
refers to the first person, second person, and third person who function as subject or actor
in passive sentences. The phoneme // which is attached to the verb, adjective, and numeral
refers to the object or object of the sentence that has been or will be mentioned.
2. Enclitic Form Persona Pronouns
The enclitic form of personal pronouns in Bugis is the most productive form of
pronouns in its use. This enklitlk form of persona is found in all types of persona, namely
the first person, the second person, and the third person. Pronominal enclitics are linguistic
forms that cannot stand alone, but always rely on or are attached to other forms that can
stand independently. Because the enclitic form follows other morpheme forms, the form
looks like a suffix.
In terms of arts, this form has a special meaning. For example, the forms –(k)ak 'I', -
ko 'you', -(k)ik 'we', and -i 'he', although always tied to other forms, actually can still be
found separately.
This pronominal enclitic is found in all types of persona, namely the first person, the
second person, and the third person. The characteristics of how and when pronominals are
used can be seen in the following explanation.
1) First Persona Pronoun Enclitics.
The enclitic forms of the first personal pronouns are –(k)ak and -ku. This form is a
variation or change from the free form personal pronominal -iyyak 'I'
a. Pronoun –(k)ak
The pronoun –(k)ak is used as a form of inversion that emphasizes an event, whether
for ordinary news, confirmation, denial, or questions. Enclitics –(k)ak can be attached to
all word classes, which in general can act as subject, actor or object.
Example:
“siruntuka anriknudi lalengnge”
"meet each other my sister on the street"
Abd. Rahman Rahim
Pronominal Affix of Bugic Language Enjoyable Dialec 1.013
“we met your sister on the street”
b. -ku pronoun
Enclitics –ku are used in constructions that express possessiveness or possessiveness
that always go hand in hand with a noun.
Example:
1. “My manuk digai?”
2. “Iyana eddi motorokku”
3. “Alangnga hajukku”
It means :
1. “Where is my (my) chicken?”
2. “This is my (my) motorbike”
3. “Give me (my) clothes”
In addition to the singular form of personal pronouns, Bugis language also
recognizes plural personas. To express plural, use the word -maneng in front of the persona
(enclitic form) which will be pluralized.
2) Second Persona Pronoun Enclitics
The personal pronouns of the two enclitic forms are –ko, -(k)ik, -mu and -ta.
Form is a variation of free form personal pronouns, namely -iko and -idik.
a. The second pronouns —ko and —(k)ik.
Enklitik —ko is used for interlocutors who are the same age or younger than the
speaker, or people who have close relationships regardless of social status, while enklitik -
(k)ik0 is used in a variety of polite and respectful speech to greet older people or people of
higher social status. The forms -ko and -kik are inclusive, meaning that this persona refers
to both the speaker and the listener or interlocutor. The second persona is used in imperative
sentences which express orders or invitations.
Example:
1. “Matuppi kutihirakko”
2. “Tihikko folofeng”
3. “Aga naarekko?”
It means:
1. “Later I will bring it for you (you)
2. “You bring a pen”
3. "What did he give you (you)?"
b. The second pronouns –mu or -nu, and -ta
The second pronouns –mu and –ta are both used in constructions that express
possession or possessiveness. The pronoun –mu is used by people who are the same age or
younger than the speaker, while the pronoun –ta is used in a variety of respects.
Example:
1. “hajunnu kufake
2. “Hajutta Nafake”
3. “Hajukku mufake”
4. “Hajukku tafake”
It means:
1. :I'm wearing your clothes
2. “I wear your clothes”
3. "You're wearing my clothes"
4. “The clothes you wear”
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 5, May 2022
1.014 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
The pronouns –mu and -ta in addition to referring to the second person of the date
format), can also refer to the first person of the plural. It depends on the situation in which
it is used in speech.
3) Third Person Pronoun Enclitics
The third pronoun enclitic serves to replace the person being spoken of. The third
persona of the enclitic form is —/ and — n. This form is a variation or change from the
free form persona yes 'he'.
a. Pronoun -i
The third pronoun -i is used in the form of an inversion which in sentence
construction functions as the subject of the object. The enclitic -i pronoun is used in the
following sentences.
Example:.
1. “Manrei beppa”
2. “Laoi in Sikolana”
3. “Matinroi in cadreE”
It means :
1. “He is eating cake”
2. “He goes to school”
3. “He sleeps on a chair”
b. Pronoun -na
Pronoun — na is constructed with a noun that expresses possession or possessiveness.
Example :
Read the book
He reads the book
(he reads the book)
As with the first and second personal pronouns, to form a plural third person pronoun, the
word maueug is added as a plural marker.
Example:
1. “Lao manengngi manre”
2. “The Alamanenni”
3. “Fole diga likes ro?”
It means :
1. “They (all) went to eat”
2. “Just take it all”
3. “Where did all (them) come from
The personal pronouns of the Bugis dialect of Ennak have various forms according
to the function they occupy in the sentence, as shown in the following chart.
.***
……
…….
Bound Form
Lekat kiri
Lekat
kanan
I
single
(k)u—
-(k)ak
plural
Tak—
—ta
Abd. Rahman Rahim
Pronominal Affix of Bugic Language Enjoyable Dialec 1.015
II
single
Mu—
(k)ik—
-ko
-mu
plural
ki—
Tak—
-manengko
-manengki
III
Single.
-i
-na
plural
CONCLUSION
When compared with affixes in the form of clitics in Indonesian, there are striking
differences. The difference can be seen in the use of the clitic form
Klitika in Indonesian consists of:
a. My clitic- in first person
b. Klitika –mu as a second person pronoun
c. The klitika is a third person pronoun.
From the three forms of clitics, it seems that the ku- clitica can precede the basic
word, as in the word “Kuambil”, or the “ku” clitic as proclitic. In addition, the clitic "ku"
can also follow the root word, as in the word "Bajuku", or the clitic "ku" as an enclitic. If
the klitika "-mu" in Indonesian only acts as an enclitic or follows the root word only, then
the rule does not apply in Bugis. The clitic "-mu) in Bugis can be in the position of proclitic
or clitic that precedes the root word and can also be in the position of enclitic or clitic that
follows the root word. Likewise, the clitic "his" is a short form of the third person pronoun.
The clitic "-na" in the Bugis language, apart from being a proclitic, can also act as an
enclitic, as in the example
“Furani naala delivery”
He already took his shipment
He already took the shipment
This writing contains a description of the personal pronouns of the Bugis language
which are analyzed based on form. The personal pronouns of the Bugis language have a
unique variety of forms that are very complicated to be traced systematically. The form
occurs because of differences in function or distribution in the sentence.
Personal pronouns in Bugis (as in other languages) can be grouped into three, namely
(1) the first persona iyyak 'I', with its variations, (k)u-, -(k)ak, and —ku; (2) second persona
iko 'engkau', idik 'engkau (respect)' with its variations mu-, tak-, -ko, -(k)ik, and —mu, -
tak, and (3) third persona yes 'he ' with its variations na-, -i, and —na.
In the Bugis language there is no special persona that states plural. To make it plural,
the pronoun is given the plural marker maneng 'all' coupled with the persona to be
pluralized. For example, iyyak 'me' becomes iyyak maneng 'us', iko 'you' becomes iko
maneng 'you', idik becomes iyyak maneng 'you/us, we', and yes becomes yes to 'them'.
Among the three personal pronouns, only the first and second personal pronouns are used
to refer purely to human nouns, while the third personal pronouns, apart from referring to
human nouns, can also refer to non-humans (objects, etc.).
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 5, May 2022
1.016 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
REFERENCES
Hadi, Nikolaus Rendi Prasetya, & Kusumaningrum, Sintaria. (2020). KORESPONDENSI
FONEMIS BAHASA OGAN DAN BAHASA BANGKA: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK
HISTORIS KOMPARATIF. Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature
Review), 7(2), 191–203.
Hastuti, Heksa Biopsi Puji, Pranawengtyas, Dian Respati, & Nitayadnya, I. Wayan. (n.d.).
KhAzANAh SAstRA DAERAh.
Husain, Musayyedah. (2016). KORESPONDENSI BUNYI BAHASA BUGIS DIALEK
SOPPENG DAN DIALEK ENNAK (Buginese Phonemic Correspondence of
Soppeng and Ennak Dialects). SAWERIGADING, 20(3), 353–362.
Ningsih, D. Nurfajrin, & Erdlanda, Febry Marindra Cysbya. (2018). Nilai Pendidikan
dalam Kesenian Rengkong di Cianjur Jawa Barat: Kajian Etnopedagogi. Jurnal
Ilmiah Bina Edukasi, 11(01).
Nurdiansyah, Nana Meily, & Hudriyah, Hudriyah. (2021). Policy and Implementation of
Education Management Based on Madrasah. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen
Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), 14–27.
Rahayu, Delta Septya, & Iman, Nurul. (2022). HUBUNGAN ANTARA KECERDASAN
EMOSIONAL DENGAN KETERAMPILAN BERKOMUNIKASI PADA SISWA
KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 6 MATARAM TAHUN PELAJARAN 2021/2022. Jurnal
Cahaya Mandalika, 3(1), 27–32.
Rasyid, Syamsurijal, & Husain, Musayyedah. (2016). PUISI MAGIS
(PANGISSENGENG): BENTUK DAN MAKNA (Magic Poetry Pangissengeng:
Form and Meaning). SAWERIGADING, 20(2), 251–259.
Sahib, Harlina, & Hum, M. (2014). Expressing Compliments In English Indonesian
Language: A Comparative Study.
Tanjung, STIE Syari’ah Al Mujaddid, & Timur, Jabung. (n.d.). MEtaPHORS IN
BUGINESS SONG LYRICS: SEMaNtIC COGNItIVE StUDIES.
Tiani, Riris. (2018). Korespondensi Fonemis Bahasa Palembang dan Bahasa Riau. Nusa:
Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Dan Sastra, 13(3), 397–404.
Uniawati, Uniawati. (n.d.). Perahu dalam Pamali Orang Bajo: Tinjauan Semiotika Sosial
Halliday. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 20(4), 568–578.