How to cite:
Citra Nurhayati, Nurul Kompyurini, Anita Carolina, Prayudi S
Prabowo. (2022). From Scratch to Plate: “Accounting Information
Systems For Spices In Madura Island”. Journal Eduvest. Vol (2): 673-
683
E-ISSN:
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Eduvest(–(Journal(of(Universal(Studies(
Volume(2(Number(4,(April,(2022(
p-(ISSN(2775-3735-(e-ISSN(2775-3727!
FROM SCRATCH TO PLATE: “ACCOUNTING
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR SPICES IN MADURA
ISLAND”
Citra Nurhayati
1
Nurul Kompyurini
1
Anita Carolina
1
, Prayudi S Prabowo
2
1
Accounting!Department,!Faculty!of!Economics,!Universitas!Trunojoyo!
Madura,
(
2
Economic!Department,!Faculty!of!Economics!and!Bussiness,!State!
University!of!Surabaya,!Indonesia!
Email:![email protected],
#
[email protected],!
[email protected],[email protected]!
ARTICLE!INFO!!!!!!!!ABSTRACT!
Received:
March, 26
th
2022
Revised:
April, 16
th
2022
Approved:
April, 17
th
2022
!
!
!
Spices are a priceless wealth of Indonesia. Many other countries in
the world import it especially Europeans who desperately need
pepper for almost all the flavors of its cuisine. The culinary history of
Indonesia is not spared from the raw ingredients of spices that
become the main raw materials of Indonesian specialties. Almost all
the flavors of cuisine throughout Indonesia use spices as seasoning
"Madura" has a typical culinary that also uses spices such as soto,
satay, Kaldu, and Nasi serpang. With the proliferation of culinary
business in Madura and also the needs of daily cuisine that in fact
use spices; This makes the need for spices increase. But with such a
wide distribution and widespread spice plantations in Madura,
encourage researchers to know the distribution process of the spices
after harvesting until it reaches the hands of consumers (from
scratch to plate). The distribution process can be explained in more
detail by using one of the “Accounting Information System” business
processes called "Supply Chain". In the "Supply Chain" will be
explained a clear sequence of spices began to be planted-harvested-
merchant-consumers. An Accounting Information System
framework which is consists of "input-process-outputs". Input can be
input or raw materials (spices seeds), while the process are: Spices
begin to be planted, maintained then harvested (as output). The
Output (harvested Spices) are entering the Chain of “Supply Chain”;
they are going to be marketed or distributed to consumers directly,
or sent to middle traders, and or sent to the market. The Supply
Chain is expected to be able to better known in detail the journey of
Citra Nurhayati, Nurul Kompyurini, Anita Carolina, Prayudi S Prabowo
From Scratch to Plate: “Accounting Information Systems for Spices In Madura Island” 674
"The Spice" to reach the consumer to be used as the main spice in
cooking, along with the price that occurs and the relationship that
occurs between producers, middle parties and consumers. This
research was conducted using qualitative methods. The data
processing technique by interviewing several important informants
spread across 4 Regency in Madura which is very helpful in solving
problems in the formation of the Supply Chain.
KEYWORDS!
Spices,!Accounting!Information!Systems,!Supply!Chain!!
!
This! work! is! licensed! under! a! Creative! Commons!
Attribution-ShareAlike!4.0!International!
INTRODUCTION
Spices are essential commodities for many countries around the world. They have
been intoxicating people’s meals with unforgettable tastes(Katz, 2016). However, Spices
plantations are not easy to find anywhere; they need special treatments and circumstances
(Chevallier, 2016). Indonesia, as one of the tropical countries in the world, is suitable for
growing spices such as Turmeric, Ginger, Pepper, Galangal, Coriander, etc(Kandiannan,
Prasad, & Kumar, n.d.). But unfortunately the Indonesian nation itself is less concerned and
concerned about the potential that exists, so the government must try hard to increase the
potential, it is evident that the lowering of funds of about 5.5 trillion rupiah to develop the
potential of Indonesian spices that only occupy a portion of 1% (th.2019) in export
commodities every year (www.malukunews.com). The number of farmers who do not use
superior seeds even some who use fake seeds is the cause of the continued decline in the
number of spice exports, in addition there is no adequate attention in terms of quality and
agricultural technology over people's spice plantations.
The culinary history of Indonesia is not spared from the raw ingredients of spices
that become the main raw materials of Indonesian specialties(Yudhistira & Fatmawati,
2020). Almost all the flavors of cuisine throughout Indonesia use spices as seasoning.
Starting from the island in the western tip of Indonesia to the eastern end, all have the same
flavor base that is "spice" or known internationally as "Spices". Some of the famous
Indonesian cuisines to foreign countries are Rendang, Soto, Satay and Nasi goreng; All use
the basic spices and their blend with coconut milk derived from coconut that is widely
grown throughout Indonesia. There are many kinds of Indonesian cuisine that began to be
widely liked by international audiences, even they were amazed by the variety of one type
of cuisine that each region has a variety and different ways of cooking even though the
name is the same as "Soto"; Every region in Indonesia has this type of cuisine but strangely
has a different taste and varies in terms of appearance and how to serve it.
"Madura" has a very famous "Soto" cuisine, besides that there is "Satay", "Kaldu",
"Nasi Serpang", "Rujak Madura", "Bubur Madura" (Tajin Sobih), "Topak Ladeh"
(Madura’s style of vegetable stew with rice cake), and so on. The main spice uses spices
namely (turmeric, galangal, lemongrass, pepper, cloves, nutmeg) and combined with
coconut milk from coconut.
With the proliferation of culinary business in Madura that presents a variety of
specialties make the need for spices will certainly increase. In addition, the need for spices
to be used in everyday cooking will also increase the number of needs. Please note that the
use of spices is not only for cooking but also used for herbal medicine and spa purposes
that are also very famous. When viewed from the natural conditions of Madura which is
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relatively prone to dry, slightly hilly in some places as well as a lot of lime soil content that
is very possible to grow spices. According to data collected from several sources; In 4
districts on the island of Madura there are already spice plantations. Bangkalan Regency
has 2 hectares, Sampang Regency spreads throughout the district which ranges in area of
4-9 ha and the quantity of the results is relatively the same every year, Pamekasan Regency
is spread in almost all districts and is usually planted near its homes or yards and Sumenep
Regency is in guluk-guluk area. (Sulistiyawati & Andriani, 2017)
With such a wide distribution and not concentrated spice plantations in Madura,
encourage researchers to know the distribution process of the spices after harvesting until
it reaches the hands of consumers. The distribution process can be explained in more detail
by using one of the accounting information system business processes called "Supply
Chain". In the "Supply Chain" will be explained a clear sequence of spices began to be
planted-harvested-merchant-consumers. An Accounting Information System framework
which is consists of "input-process-outputs". Input can be input or raw materials (spices
seeds), while the process are: Spices begin to be planted, maintained then harvested (as
output). The Output (harvested Spices) are entering the Chain of “Supply Chain”; they are
going to be marketed or distributed to consumers directly, or sent to middle traders, and or
sent to the market(Krishnaraj, Gunaseelan, Arunmozhi, & Sumandiran, 2020). The Supply
Chain is expected to be able to better known in detail the journey of "The Spice" to reach
the consumer to be used as the main spice in cooking, along with the price that occurs and
the relationship that occurs between producers, middle parties and consumers.
This Research focusing on identifying the problems of “How is the Accounting
Information System on the distribution of “The Spice” in Madura? and How is the Supply
Chain of spices for seasoning until become a dish.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research on the Accounting Information System for the distribution of “Spices” in
Madura and the Supply Chain of spices for seasoning until become a dish; is conducted
using a type of qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive approach, an approach
with qualitative descriptive methods, According to Nazir (1988: 63) quoted in Prastowo
(2012: 186) is a method used to examine the status of a human group, a set of conditions,
an object, a thought system, or a class of events in the present. According to Arikunto
(2003:310) quoted in Prastowo (2012:310) it is asserted that research using qualitative
descriptive methods is not intended to test certain hypotheses, but only describes "what is"
about a variable, symptom, or state. The method in this study is done using how to collect
data, compile, and describe so that results are obtained in the form of "Supply Chain” of
Spices for Madurese Cuisine(Rachim & Tambunan, n.d.).
The research data obtained by the authors was obtained from interviews with
informants (spice farmers) in 4 districts in Madura, spice traders, and spice consumers.
1. Informant
Informant is a person who is used for a research purpose in providing information
about the situation and conditions in the research place(Cossham & Johanson, 2019).
Researchers use data generated from conducting interviews so that to complete the data,
researchers need an informant related to the research conducted(Moises Jr, 2020). The
informant criteria used by researchers are: spice farmers who come from 4 districts in
Madura, spice swords, spice consumers
2. Data Collection Methods
Citra Nurhayati, Nurul Kompyurini, Anita Carolina, Prayudi S Prabowo
From Scratch to Plate: “Accounting Information Systems for Spices In Madura Island” 676
1. Interview
According to Moleong (2007: 186) interviews are conversations with
specific intentions conducted by two parties, namely researchers and
informants, where the researcher who asks the question and the informant
who answers the question. According to Moleong (2007: 190) said that a
structured interview is an interview that the interviewer sets himself the
problem and the question to be asked. The method of data collection uses a
way of allocating questions and answers directly with parties who have the
authority to provide explanations on issues related to spices in Madura.
2. Documentation
According to Bungin (2012: 142) the document is a recording of events that
are closer to conversations, concern personal issues, and require
interpretation that is very closely related to the context of the recording of
the event.
According to (Sholikhah et al., 2020) the document is a record that has passed.
Documents can be in the form of pictures, writing, or monumental works of
a person(Moliner & Bovina, 2019). Documents in the form of pictures such as
photographs, living drawings, sketches and others(Stiles & Selz, 2012).
Documents in the form of writings such as diaries, stories, biographies,
policy regulations. Documents in the form of works such as works of art,
which can be sculptures, films, pictures, and others. The method of collecting
data on this study by collecting data derived from the agricultural service, the
results of interviews with informants about spices in Madura.
Data analysis techniques are a very important part of a study. These data are
used by researchers to solve research problems (Alhojailan, 2012). The steps used to
analyze the data are the first to perform classification. After obtaining information
or data from the field or from informants then classified according to the problem
or type of question asked. The second is Reduction, this problem is to choose which
information is appropriate and not in accordance with the research problem.
Because not infrequently informants will tell stories at length with just one question.
The third is presentation. After the information is obtained and selected it is
presented in the form of tables or explanations. So that the information obtained is
really clear and understandable and helps researchers in diving into the problems
that exist in the object of research in terms of Spices for Madurese Cuisine.
The next stage is the interpretation, data or answers from the informant is
analyzed and interpreted by explaining about the Supply Chain in the Accounting
Information System related to spices in Madura.
Data validity techniques in qualitative research is an important part to know
the level of trust from the results of research that has been done using triangulation
techniques when collecting data, so that the data obtained will be more consistent,
valid and accountable. Triangulation can be interpreted as checking data from
various sources in a way, and various times (Sholikhah et al., 2020).
Researchers choose to use triangulation techniques because according to
researchers this technique is a technique that can facilitate researchers in
eliminating differences that occur in the field. Researchers also hope that using this
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technique can check their findings by comparing them with several sources. Data
or findings can be recognized in qualitative research in the absence of differences
between what researchers report and what actually happens to the objects
studied(Mukumbang, Marchal, Van Belle, & van Wyk, 2020). The triangulation of
sources in this study was done by checking the data that had been obtained from
several different sources, namely from several people involved or knew about
spices to obtain information.
Triangulation techniques are performed by confirming data to different
sources with the same technique, i.e. data obtained from interviews with the main
informant, and supporting informants and documentation. Time triangulation can
also affect data credibility, so researchers perform data collection techniques to
informants in different times and situations.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Accounting Information System on the distribution of Spices in Madura.
This research aims to find out the Accounting Information System that applies to
the distribution of spices on the island of Madura. Accounting Information System is an
"order" consisting of: "Input", "Process" and Output and can clearly be described as
follows:
Figure 1. AIS (Accounting Information System) model on Spice Grower
Input Process Output
Source: Self-processed data
From the SIA Model above input is a spice seedling; then the process is the process
of planting and caring for spice plants then the output is the result of the spice harvest plus
all the costs incurred in maintaining the spice plant. According to data obtained in the field,
Madura has several areas that can be identified spice potential, namely:
1. Bangkalan Regency: Turmeric Galis Subdistrict, à grown and produced in large
quantities.
2. Sumenep Regency: Rubaru District, Matanairà Lengkuas District, planted and
produced in large quantities
Table 1. How to Plant
No
Name
How to plant
and harvest?
How many
times does it
harvest in a
year?
1
Namiah's mother (50
years old)
Given mess
fertilizer and
1 time (large
harvest), or
Spice
Seedlings
(spices seeds)
Cost Care
Planting
Spices +
Maintenance
Costs = Spice
Price
Citra Nurhayati, Nurul Kompyurini, Anita Carolina, Prayudi S Prabowo
From Scratch to Plate: “Accounting Information Systems for Spices In Madura Island” 678
Source: self-processed data
cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
2
Mother Pa'I (45 years old)
Given mess
fertilizer and
cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
1 time (large
harvest), or
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
once 1 time
3
Mudhali's mother is 60
years old)
Given white
mess fertilizer
and cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
2 times (large
harvest), or
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
4
Mrs Nasir (40 years old)
Given white
mess fertilizer
and cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
1 time (large
harvest), or
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
once 1 time
5
Mrs Musrifah (45 years
old)
Given white
mess fertilizer
and cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
1 time (large
harvest), or
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
6
Mrs Midah (60 years old)
Given white
mess fertilizer
and cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
1 time (large
harvest), or
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
7
Mrs Kosneyeh (25 years
old)
Given white
mess fertilizer
and cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
1 time (large
harvest), or
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
8
Mother Soimah (48 years
old)
Given white
mess fertilizer
and cow dung
(buthok),
Unplug and
leave
1 time (large
harvest), or
can be
harvested
every 3 bln
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3. Pamekasan Regency: it is known that there is Pakong Jahe Subdistrict, à the results are
sent outside Pamekasan, but the location of the plantation is spreading so it is difficult to
identify.
4. Sampang Regency: it is known that there is potential for spices in Tambelangan -à
Ginger District, but not many are planted and have been replaced with many other plants.
For the above reasons, the discussion is focused on the results of turmeric spices
(Bangkalan) and Lengkuas spices (Sumenep)
Accounting Information Systems help to identify the distribution of spices ranging from
farmers to being the main spice in cooking. System building in the form of inputs –
processes – outputs provides a core picture of the story of the flow of the supply of "spices".
Supply flow or "Supply Chain" is a small piece of an Accounting Information System that
is able to explain the inputs that occur until the spice can be "priced" by the buyer.
2. Turmeric Potential
Deje Leke Hamlet, Kaju Anak Village, Galis-Bangkalan District is like a normal
village in Madura that has begun to be touched by modernization. It turns out that in it has
the potential of abundant produce even used as a source of income for farmers. "Turmeric"
or "konyek" in Madura language is one type of spice that is widely used for spices in
madura or Indonesian cuisine. In addition to cooking, turmeric can also be used as a basic
ingredient in making herbal medicine. Turmeric farmers in Kaju Anak village are
dominated by women or housewives.
Basically, growing turmeric just to meet your own needs but because it produces
in large quantities then it eventually becomes a commodity worth selling. Uniquely because
it may also be supported by the composition of soil elements that are very supportive,
turmeric can thrive and the quality is good. The Turmeric Peasant Women's Group (KWT)
dominates the Peasant Group in Kaju Anak village; Every day the turmeric "basket" is
always in front of the house of the accuser. Here are some interview results in the field with
several informants who are members of the Turmeric Peasant Women's Group in Kaju
Anak Village:
Table 2. Distribution Channel
No
Name
Where will it be
sold?
Price and quantity size that
are benchmarked
1
Namiah's mother (50 years
old)
Directly in the
market every
Tuesday or
Wednesday,
middlemen
50 rb/ per basket
2
Mother Pa'I (45 years old)
Directly in the
market, barter,
middlemen
50k per 2 baskets
3
Mudhali's mother is 60
years old)
Directly in the
market, middlemen
60k per basket
4
Mrs Nasir (40 years old)
Directly in the red
land market or
galis, middlemen
40k per 2 baskets
Citra Nurhayati, Nurul Kompyurini, Anita Carolina, Prayudi S Prabowo
From Scratch to Plate: “Accounting Information Systems for Spices In Madura Island” 680
5
Mrs Musrifah (45 years old)
Directly taken to
the market
40k per basket
6
Mrs Midah (60 years old)
Directly sold in
galis market,
middlemen of
patemon and galis
15rb per kilo
7
Mrs Kosneyeh (25 years
old)
Middleman
35rb- 40k per basket
8
Mother Soimah (48 years
old)
Directly to the galis
market and the red
soil market
20rb- 25rb per basket
(contains approximately 15
kg)
Source: self-processed data
Profiles of farmers who become informants, all of whom have been more than 10
years as farmers. Even some farmers claim to have long carried out farming activities in
descending from their parents or grandparents. From the information gathered, planting
turmeric is very potential once in the village of Kaju Anak, it is proven that the soil is not
supportive when trying to grow other spice plants such as: key. The process of planting to
harvesting causes farmers to understand and can learn directly how to charge prices or give
value from the resulting products (turmeric) so that it meets the price by their respective
standards. So, they created "Accounting information" on the turmeric they planted until
they could meet prices that matched their respective standard sizes. Evident from the dose
of "basket" used to measure the value or price to be paid by the buyer.
Then, found 3 channels of "Distribution" carried out by turmeric farmers, namely: (1) sold
directly to the market every day of the market; (2) Barter with neighbors or merchants in
the market; and (3) sold to middlemen who come directly to the village. The information
can be used as a reference in concluding the distribution flow that occurs in turmeric
farmers in marketing their products.
3. Galangal Potential
The next potential spice plant is "Lengkuas". This potential is widely seen in
several villages in Rubaru Subdistrict and Manding Subdistrict, Sumenep Regency. For
galangal farmers, they have their own farmland. The process of fertilizing plants all do as
much as 2 times with a fairly young plant age. With the length of planting can be said to
be 1 year, the results obtained vary depending on the area of planting land. For an area of
2 laggu equivalent to 2500 M
2
, the result ranges from 1000 Kg. While for the area of 1
laggu equivalent to 1250 M
2
, the result is 450 Kg.
Table 3: How to Plant
No
Name
How to plant and
harvest?
How many
times does it
harvest in a
year?
1
Darda'I (50 years old)
Fertilized in the
1st and 3rd
months,
1 time/ or
depending on
the price
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
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immediately
revoked entirely
2
Usman (46 years old)
Fostered at the
age of half a
month,
immediately
revoked entirely
Every 8-12
months
3
Ilyas (52 years old)
Given fertilizer
months 1st and
3rd, remove it
entirely
1 time/
depending on
the price
4
H. Misraji (51 years old)
Fertilized in the
first and fourth
months, cut 1/2
to keep the
shoots alive
Every 6 to 8
bln
5
Mr Ipul
Given urea
fertilizer at the
beginning then at
the age of 11/2
months given
phonska
fertilizer,
diligently
watered, buying
seedlings in the
market
Depending on
the selling
price, if high is
sold, if low is
not sold
Source: self-processed data
Table 4 Distribution Channels
No
Name
Where will it be
sold?
Price and quantity
size that are
benchmarked
1
Darda'I (50 years old)
Sold to collectors
15 rb-22 rb per kg
2
Usman (46 years old)
Sold to markets
and collectors
15rb-20rb per kg
3
Ilyas (52 years old)
Sold to collectors
15 rb-22 rb per kg
4
H. Misraji (51 years old)
Sold to collectors
15rb-25rb per kg
5
Mr Ipul
Sold to collectors
17rb- 20rb per kg
Source: self-processed data
The distribution channel chosen by galangal farmers is directly sold to collectors
or middlemen. But uniquely farmers prefer to sell their galangal when the price in the
market is high, so it can be said to plant galangal can be used as savings; That is, if it is
needed to be disbursed into money. Accounting Information System that occurs at the
potential of galangal in Sumenep regency is started by planting, caring and then harvesting
Citra Nurhayati, Nurul Kompyurini, Anita Carolina, Prayudi S Prabowo
From Scratch to Plate: “Accounting Information Systems for Spices In Madura Island” 682
galangal to sell it at an adequate price in accordance with the process carried out. Here is a
model image of the distribution flow that can be inferred from the results of interviews in
the field.
CONCLUSION
From the provisional results of this study can be concluded several things, namely:
The distribution of spice plantations in Madura is uneven, many of which are only for their
own consumption so that they are only planted in the yard or in front of the house only.
The producers of certain spice commodities (turmeric and Galangal) in large quantities are
in Bangkalan and Sumenep regencies. Accounting Information System that occurs in spices
in Madura can be explained starting from the planting process by farmers to harvested
which results in a selling price to middlemen or markets based on all costs and efforts done
in the planting process. The Supply Chain Model "Si Rempah" for Madurese Cuisine starts
from local farmers who sell directly to middlemen or markets then from the market sold to
households or food entrepreneurs. From the household sector there can also be direct
purchases to farmers. Spices in Madura cuisine can already be fulfilled from the produce
of madura island itself. This is very influential on the taste of his special cuisine. Because
the structure of the soil greatly affects also the quality of the spices produced.
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