How to cite:

Antonius Alijoyo, Erna Haerani. (2022). The Implementation of the

Care-Protect (Pedulilindungi) Application: the Economic Impact and

Constraints Faced. Journal Eduvest. Vol 2(1): 131-139

E-ISSN:

2775-3727

Published by:

https://greenpublisher.id/

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022

p- ISSN 2775-3735 e-ISSN 2775-3727

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CARE-PROTECT

(PEDULILINDUNGI)

APPLICATION: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT AND

CONSTRAINTS FACED

Antonius Alijoyo, Erna Haerani

Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung

, LIKMI College of Management and

Computers, Bandung

, Indonesia

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received:

December, 26

2021

Revised:

January, 17

2022

Approved:

January, 18

2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has harmed the global economy. This is

due to the imposition of restrictions on social activities, which

have a negative impact on employment and subsequently harm

people's income and purchasing power. For this reason, the

government has issued Care-Protect (PeduliLindungi) application,

which functions to ensure that everyone active outside the house

has been vaccinated and is free from the virus. This study aims to

analyze the impact of the implementation of the PeduliLindungi

application on community and economic activities in Indonesia

and the obstacles faced in its implementation. This research was

carried out by following a systematic literature review research

method. The data were collected from previous studies that

examined the enforcement of PeduliLindungi applications. The

data were collected from the research results in articles

published in Sinta indexed journals. The collected data is then

analyzed using an interactive data analysis model. The results of

this study indicate that the PeduliLindungi application has some

impacts on the people's economy in Indonesia. In addition, this

research also identifies several obstacles faced by the community

and the government in implementing the PeduliLindungi

application. Detailed results regarding the positive and negative

impacts and constraints are discussed in this article, and some

suggestions based on the findings are also presented.

KEYWORDS

Community Economy, Covid-19, Pedulilindungi Application,

Systematic Literature Review

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Antonius Alijoyo, Erna Haerani

The Implementation of the Care-Protect (Pedulilindungi) Application: the Economic

Impact and Constraints Faced 132

INTRODUCTION

In an economy, various variables are used as economic stability, even most of the

variables are used to increase a country's economic growth. In addition to the variable,

there is a shock which is the meeting point for measuring the stability or instability of the

economy (Carvallo & Pagliacci, 2016); (Greenwood-Nimmo & Tarassow, 2016). In

general, macroeconomic studies aim to examine the relative importance of expansion and

the dynamics of macroeconomic variables due to shocks. The phenomenon of shock has

succeeded in attracting attention regarding the source and impact of an economic shock,

both in an economy in one country and in another, which shows that there has been

economic instability and deserves further exploration of its implications and impacts on

the economy as a whole. The global Covid-19 outbreak has caused an economic shock,

which has affected other macroeconomic variables, resulting in economic instability in

various countries (Azomahou, Ndung’u, & Ouédraogo, 2021).

The increasingly widespread of COVID-19 will prolong the period of the fall of

the Asia Pacific economy. Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, South Korea, and

Thailand have been dragged into recession (Glocker & Piribauer, 2021) (van der Wielen

& Barrios, 2021). The current slowdown in global economic development has had a

significant impact on Indonesia's economic growth. Specifically for Indonesia, with the

emergence of Covid-19, the Indonesian government has begun to emphasize that people

are advised not to do activities outside their homes to avoid the increasing spread of

Covid-19 (Irawan et al., 2020; Ulhaq et al., 2020). In contrast to other countries that have

locked down, the Indonesian government with a policy of social distancing or Large-

Scale Social Restrictions is expected to reduce the impact of the economic crisis. This

policy affects the economic activities of the people in Indonesia by limiting the space for

people to move, not to mention the number of employees who have to be laid off and

even dismissed from work by companies with reasons to cover losses that continue to

grow (Mardiansyah, 2020).

Furthermore, the spread of Covid-19 can then be seen from two different

economic points of view, namely supply and demand. From the demand side, the Covid-

19 pandemic reduced the consumption sector, travel, and transportation activities, as well

as increased transportation and trade costs (Ben Hassen et al., 2021)(Ben Hassen et al.,

2021; Cavallo et al., 2020; Cruz-Cárdenas et al., 2021). Meanwhile, from the supply side,

there was a contraction in worker/labor productivity, a decline in investment and funding

activities, and disruption of the global value chain (Mofijur et al., 2021). From the

consumption side, people's consumption patterns due to the spread of Covid-19 will

automatically change. People will tend not to do travel or tourism activities and are more

likely to increase consumption of necessities that are considered necessary in anticipation

of restrictions on human movement (Béné et al., 2021).

The impact of the Covid 19 pandemic on Indonesia's macro conditions can be

seen from several events. In April 2020, around 1.5 million employees were laid off (City

et al., 2021; Zubaidi et al., 2020). Second, the air service sector lost revenue of around

IDR 207 billion in lost revenue, of which around IDR 48 billion lost revenue came from

Chinese airlines (Panday, 2020). According to the Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant

Association that there has been a decline in hotel occupancy rates in Indonesia by 50%.

The Coronavirus affects hotels, restaurants, and retail entrepreneurs who support tourism.

The decline in hotel occupancy affected the continuity of the hotel business in the long

term. The lack of tourists also impacts restaurants, where most consumers are tourists.

The weakening tourism sector also had an impact on the retail industry. The spread of

Covid 19 also affects the investment, trade, micro, small and medium enterprises sector

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022

133 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

because when tourists visit tourist attractions, these tourists typically make requests or

buy souvenirs. Eighth, inflation occurred in March 2020 of 2.96% year on year (YoY),

with rising prices for gold jewelry and some food prices, which experienced quite a

drastic increase.

Efforts have been made to combat Covid-19 through technology, one of which is

the creation of Covid-19 prevention applications. Indonesia developed a local application

called Care-Protect (PeduliLindungi). This application utilizes personal data and a

Bluetooth network connection that functions to track location and record user activity to

prevent the spread of Covid-19. This application notifies developers and users if contact

is detected with a positive Covid-19 patient or person under surveillance. With this

application, the government provides an opportunity for healthy people to continue their

activities to carry out economic activities. This study aims to see how the impact of the

application of this PeduliLindungi application on the economy in Indonesia. It is hoped

that the findings in this study can be used as input for the development of PeduliLindungi

applications and assist the government in taking appropriate policies to maintain public

health and safety without neglecting the economic aspect.

RESEARCH METHOD

The researcher conducted this study by following the Systematic Literature

Review approach to achieve the study's objective. The researchers did fours steps during

the study, namely designing the review, conducting the review, analyzing, and writing the

review (2019). The researcher selected Sinta indexed national journals to collect the

intended data. Furthermore, the journal that published the article was verified on the Sinta

website to ensure that Sinta indexes the national journal. The selected articles are

published from 2020 to 2021, which discuss the implementation of the PeduliLindungi

application. The collected data was then analyzed qualitatively with an interactive model

analysis technique consisting of three stages, data reduction, data display, and conclusion

drawing/verification (Miles et al., 2014).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The discussion is started with an explanation of the PeduliLindungi application.

Then, it is specifically followed by the identification of the impacts of the implementation

of application and its obstacles.

PeduliLindungi Application

The PeduliLindungi application is stipulated through the Decree of the Minister of

Communication and Information Number 171 of 2020 as amended by the Decree of the

Minister of Communication and Informatics Number 253 of 2020 concerning

Amendments to the Decree of the Minister of Communication and Information

Technology Number 171 of 2020 concerning the Determination of the PeduliLindungi

Application in the Framework of Implementing Health Surveillance for Handling Corona

Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). As an application that is used in the implementation of

health surveillance by the government in dealing with the spread of Covid-19, the

PeduliLindungi application must continue to be maintained because it is beneficial for the

community in tracing, tracking, and warning (warning and fencing) Covid-19

(Nurhidayati, Sugiyah, & Yuliantari, 2021).

Antonius Alijoyo, Erna Haerani

The Implementation of the Care-Protect (Pedulilindungi) Application: the Economic

Impact and Constraints Faced 134

The PeduliLindungi application is still being developed by completing various

features that make it easier for people in the new normal era. One of which is the addition

of the e-passport feature as a travel document in the form of user data that has been

declared negative for the Covid-19 test. The government has also improved the

PeduliLindungi application to use non-smartphone devices. So later, this application can

also be used by telephone users via SMS technology (Kementerian Kesehatan, 2021). In

addition, the government has also created a monitoring dashboard that is used for tracing,

tracking, and fencing. In this case, dashboard tracing and tracking to see users who have

close contact with positive patients. Fencing dashboard to see the movement of people in

self-quarantine. Monitoring is available at the Ministry of Health, which can monitor

patients and self-quarantining people.

This application was created to identify people who have been in close contact with

people who have tested positive for Covid-19 or Patients Under Surveillance and People

Under Surveillance (Herdiana, 2021). The user can remember his travel history and with

whom he made contact through the application. In addition, this application can also

make it easier for people who are active outside the home to be aware of virus-carrying

couriers. As long as there is a record, all positive, recovered, under monitoring, or healthy

people provide information about themselves. As for how the PeduliLindungi application

works, people who have downloaded it are asked to activate Bluetooth on their

cellphones. It is hoped that with the Bluetooth condition being active, the application

periodically identifies other PeduliLindungi users' phones, which are in the Bluetooth

radius, to record their location and contact time.

The mechanism is that adjacent cellphones will then record each other's

anonymous IDs, the Anonymous ID data will be stored within 14 days, so that if someone

is declared sick by a health worker (not by an application) and inputted into the database

system, then the system will filter out other anonymous IDs that have been in contact

with Covid-19 sufferers in the last 14 days (Iskak, Rusydi, Hutauruk, Chakim, & Ahmad,

2021). The PeduliLindungi application was created by the government to mitigate the

Covid-19 disaster in Indonesia. In addition to being able to provide information on the

number of people exposed to Covid per area, the PeduliLindungi application also offers

several important things related to the Covid-19 disaster, such as the existence of an

independent health check feature through a third-party application that has been provided

and some health tips in preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the community.

If the community members are going to access public facilities, they must scan the

barcode/QR Code that is available at the gate before entering the public facility (Afiana,

Yunita, Oktaviana, & Hasanah, 2020). Public facility services or are refused, for example,

because the community is in a state of Covid-19 self-isolation, which requires them to

remain in self-isolation. Public facilities that will carry out the scanning process as a

screening process for citizens through the PeduliLindungi application must be public

facilities whose implementation has been allowed and regulated through laws and

regulations, such as shopping center/mall operations. In this context, the government will

ensure that only the management of public facilities that have been given operational

permits can implement the PeduliLindungi application (Robin & Priscila, 2021).

The impact of the implementation of PeduliLindungi applications

The obligation to show a Covid-19 vaccination certificate as one of the

requirements for activities in public spaces has been implemented in several countries.

China, for example, applies full vaccination requirements to be able to go to school and

enter public spaces such as hospitals and supermarkets (XUE, 2021). Israel introduced the

green pass as a travel condition (Gewirtz-Meydan, Mitchell, Shlomo, Heller, &

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022

135 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

Greenstein, 2021). Several European Union countries such as France, Austria, Denmark,

and Switzerland have also implemented a vaccination card (digital green certificate)

along with a negative Covid-19 test result as a condition for enjoying public spaces, from

visits to cultural events, sports, to restaurants and cafes (de Figueiredo, Larson, &

Reicher, 2021; Hernández, Calina, Poulas, Docea, & Tsatsakis, 2021). Meanwhile, in

Indonesia, a Covid-19 vaccination certificate is given when someone has vaccinated both

the first and second doses, which can be downloaded independently through the

PeduliLindungi website and application.

From the data that has been collected, little information is obtained regarding the

economic impact caused by the implementation of the PeduliLindungi application.

However, in general, a screening process for people who will use public facilities is

expected to reduce the potential for Covid-19 transmission in public spaces (Putri &

Hamzah, 2021). On the other hand, the screening process for people who access public

facilities through the PeduliLindungi application can also provide other benefits such as

creating community economic productivity in public areas, such as in shopping centers

while still implementing health protocols, so that it is expected to be able to create

benefits that have a dual effect on the community and various aspects of community life.

The use of the PeduliLindungi application has been directly benefited by PT.

Asahi. The company's operations run smoothly because all employees can work in the

company environment to achieve the production capacity target (Kementerian

Perindustrian Republik Indonesia, 2021). In addition, with the PeduliLindungi

application, companies can be even more selective in screening guests who come to the

company. In other words, this application ensures the safety of the customers and also the

employee. Feeling secure will help the company to work effectively and at the same time

for the customers it will improve their purchase intention, especially when they buy food

or do traveling (Abdullah, Dias, Muley, & Shahin, 2020; Lai et al., 2021; Jiabao Lin et

al., 2021; Smith, Machalaba, Seifman, Feferholtz, & Karesh, 2019).

Obstacles in implementing the PeduliLindungi application

The obstacle that the government feels in socializing the use of the PeduliLindungi

application is that the use of the PeduliLindungi application is currently not fully optimal

because the relevant agencies still hamper the data entry process for Covid-19 positive

people, and the number of users of the PeduliLindungi application still needs to be

increased. For this reason, so that the effectiveness of the PeduliLindungi application can

be further improved, enforcement from the government is needed, including; First, it

obliges the ASN (State Civil Apparatus), BUMN employees to use the digital travel

permits that exist in PeduliLindungi. Second, prepare field officers to verify digital travel

permits at PeduliLindungi. Third, train personnel to verify requests for travel permits.

Fourth, the process of checking workers, employees by building security to download and

install the PeduliLindungi application for cellular devices before being allowed to enter

the building. Fifth, the process of checking visitors to malls or tourist areas by security to

install the PeduliLindungi application before being allowed to enter the mall or tourist

area.

The government is working together to invite the public to download the

application to make it easier for the government to track the spread of Covid in the

country, the socialization is driven from civil servants to civil servants who are required

to download the application to the wider community, but the number of downloaders of

the PeduliLindungi application as of July 26, 2020, only reached 4,261,815. Compared

with Indonesia's population and the number of smartphone users, the number of users of

the PeduliLindungi application is still very small (Nurhidayati et al., 2021).

Antonius Alijoyo, Erna Haerani

The Implementation of the Care-Protect (Pedulilindungi) Application: the Economic

Impact and Constraints Faced 136

Security guarantees from hacking the PeduliLindungi application are also part of

the issues that arise (Olivia, Rosadi, & Permata, 2020). An essential issue in the system

aspect is how people's data vaccinated against Covid-19 can be kept confidential when

stored in the PeduliLindungi application system, which can harm the citizens holding the

identity card. Another issue in the system aspect is how the PeduliLindungi application

can be used easily and quickly; this is important because people entering public facilities

in large numbers are likely to create a crowd. This is experienced in several public

facilities, such as when entering Jakarta's capital city's train station and the mall.

Community activities cause crowds that are feared to be a medium for spreading Covid-

19.

From the government side, guaranteeing the responsibility for managing the

PeduliLindungi application is necessary. It must be specified in the laws and regulations

if there is an error or malfunction. If there is a hack on the PeduliLindungi site, which

agency should be responsible and which official will bear the risk from the

PeduliLindungi application should be assigned. With these problems, this is important in

addition to being accountable for the implementation of the PeduliLindungi application

and providing a sense of public trust in the management of the PeduliLindungi

application. Another issue is coordination and accountability between institutions in the

management of the PeduliLindungi application, where there is a disagreement between

the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Communication and Information, thus raising

questions about how the collaboration has been built so far and the accountability of the

institution that manages the PeduliLindungi application.

From the community side, the main target of implementing the PeduliLindungi

application is the community, so that the community's response to the PeduliLindungi

application is very important to pay attention to. The first issue that comes from the

community aspect is the accuracy of data on people who have been vaccinated against

Covid-19. This is based on several cases where community members claim that their

population numbers have been used by other parties so that these residents cannot have

access to the Covid-19 vaccination. This condition must, of course, be a concern so that

people who have been vaccinated are citizens of the community according to their

population numbers. In addition to the community's right to get the Covid-19 vaccine, it

also concerns the safety of citizens from being exposed to Covid-19 because they have

not been vaccinated.

Table 1. The Summary of the Impact and the Obstacles on the PeduliLindungi

Application Implementation

Aspect

Result

Impact

Prevent the spread of the Covid-19

Protect the customers and the employees

Improve the company productivity

Ensure the security of travelers

Provide valid information on the Covid-19 issues

Obstacles

Building people trust to apply the application

The number of the application users is still low

Not all Indonesian people have a smartphone that can run the

application

A regulation that regulate the use of the application

Fake vaccinated certificate

Discrimination for those who are not vaccinated

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022

137 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

Recommendation

The government has a strategic role in improving the quality of the

PeduliLindungi application. This includes improving the security system in the

PeduliLindungi application so that it is safe from hacking attempts that will harm many

parties. It is also necessary to regulate how state institutions manage the PeduliLindungi

application so that they have clear rights and obligations if in the future problems arise

that demand government accountability for the use of the PeduliLindungi application.

Improvement efforts in the context of using the PeduliLindungi application are not only

concerned with the security and clarity of the management agency, but also solutions

such as what kind of public access to the PeduliLindungi application, which empirically

does not have an electronic device, considering that access to public facilities is a citizen's

right. Some efforts will not lead to discriminatory attitudes to people who do not have

electronic devices to access public facilities. The community in implementing the

PeduliLindungi application has an important role, and this is because the target object of

the PeduliLindungi application policy is the community. Hence, the community's active

role is the key to the success of the PeduliLindungi application. Vice versa when the

community is passive and has no desire to participate, the PeduliLindungi application

tends to fail. In a larger context, the successful implementation of the PeduliLindungi

application will reflect the community's attitude in supporting the Covid-19 response

policy. Based on these recommendations, it is hoped that the PeduliLindungi application

will become a policy instrument for dealing with Covid-19 that can effectively reduce the

spread of Covid-19, especially in social interaction in public spaces where citizens

interact with one another.

CONCLUSION

From the results of this study, it can be concluded that there are not many studies

that examine the impact of the implementation of the PeduliLindungi application on the

economy in Indonesia. However, in general, from the data that has been collected, it is

found that this application can make companies operate again and reduce the risk of the

spread of Covid-19 in the company area so that workers can work optimally. However, in

terms of obstacles, it can be conveyed that there are various obstacles faced by the

government and the community, ranging from technical problems, the availability of

smartphone devices, and problems with criminal acts. This research is only limited to

identifying the qualitative impact of the PeduliLindungi application on the economy in

Indonesia and the issues that arise in Indonesia. Further studies are needed to

quantitatively identify the effects of the PeduliLindungi application on the economy so

that the impact can be measured and the research results can be generalized.

REFERENCES

Abdullah, Muhammad, Dias, Charitha, Muley, Deepti, & Shahin, Md. (2020).

Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and mode

preferences. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8,

100255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100255

Afiana, Fiby Nur, Yunita, Ika Romadoni, Oktaviana, Luzi Dwi, & Hasanah,

Uswatun. (2020). Pelatihan Teknis Penggunaan Aplikasi PeduliLindungi

Guna Melacak Penyebaran COVID-19. JPMM (Jurnal Pengabdian Mitra

Masyarakat), 2(2), 98–106.

Antonius Alijoyo, Erna Haerani

The Implementation of the Care-Protect (Pedulilindungi) Application: the Economic

Impact and Constraints Faced 138

Azomahou, Théophile T., Ndung’u, Njuguna, & Ouédraogo, Mahamady. (2021).

Coping with a dual shock: The economic effects of COVID-19 and oil price

crises on African economies. Resources Policy, 72, 102093.

Carvallo, Oscar, & Pagliacci, Carolina. (2016). Macroeconomic shocks, bank

stability and the housing market in Venezuela. Emerging Markets Review,

26, 174–196.

de Figueiredo, Alexandre, Larson, Heidi J., & Reicher, Stephen D. (2021). The

potential impact of vaccine passports on inclination to accept COVID-19

vaccinations in the United Kingdom: Evidence from a large cross-sectional

survey and modeling study. EClinicalMedicine, 40, 101109.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101109

Gewirtz-Meydan, Ateret, Mitchell, Kim, Shlomo, Yaniv, Heller, Or, &

Greenstein, Michal Weiss. (2021). COVID-19 among youth in Israel:

Correlates of decisions to vaccinate and reasons for refusal. Journal of

Adolescent Health.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.016

Glocker, Christian, & Piribauer, Philipp. (2021). Digitalization, retail trade and

monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance, 112, 102340.

Greenwood-Nimmo, Matthew, & Tarassow, Artur. (2016). Monetary shocks,

macroprudential shocks and financial stability. Economic Modelling, 56, 11–

24.

Herdiana, Dian. (2021). Aplikasi peduli lindungi: Perlindungan masyarakat dalam

mengakses fasilitas publik di masa pemberlakuan kebijakan PPKM. Jurnal

Inovasi Penelitian, 2(6), 103–111.

Hernández, Antonio F., Calina, Daniela, Poulas, Konstantinos, Docea, Anca

Oana, & Tsatsakis, Aristidis M. (2021). Safety of COVID-19 vaccines

administered in the EU: Should we be concerned? Toxicology Reports, 8,

871–879. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.003

Iskak, Iskak, Rusydi, Muhammad Zuaim, Hutauruk, Roni, Chakim, Shoful, &

Ahmad, Wildan Ramdani. (2021). Meningkatkan Kesadaran Masyarakat

Tentang Pentingnya Vaksinasi Di Masjid Al – Ikhlas, Jakarta Barat. Jurnal

PADMA: Pengabdian Dharma Masyarakat, 1(3).

https://doi.org/10.32493/jpdm.v1i3.11431

Kementerian Kesehatan. (2021). Fitur PeduliLindungi bisa Diakses di Aplikasi

Lain Mulai Oktober.

Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia. (2021). Tinjau Sektor Esensial,

Kemenperin: Industri Rasakan Manfaat Aplikasi PeduliLindungi.

Lai, Shengjie, Ruktanonchai, Nick W., Carioli, Alessandra, Ruktanonchai,

Corrine W., Floyd, Jessica R., Prosper, Olivia, Zhang, Chi, Du, Xiangjun,

Yang, Weizhong, & Tatem, Andrew J. (2021). Assessing the Effect of

Global Travel and Contact Restrictions on Mitigating the COVID-19

Pandemic. Engineering, 7(7), 914–923.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.03.017

Li, Shijie, Wang, Chunchun, Cai, Mingjie, Yang, Fang, Liu, Yanping, Chen,

Jialin, Zhang, Peng, Li, Xin, & Chen, Xiaobo. (2022). Facile fabrication of

TaON/Bi2MoO6 core–shell S-scheme heterojunction nanofibers for boosting

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022

139 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

visible-light catalytic levofloxacin degradation and Cr (VI) reduction.

Chemical Engineering Journal, 428, 131158.

Lin, Jiabao, Li, Ting, & Guo, Jinyuan. (2021). Factors influencing consumers’

continuous purchase intention on fresh food e-commerce platforms: An

organic foods-centric empirical investigation. Electronic Commerce

Research and Applications, 50, 101103.

Lin, Qingquan, Zeng, Guangyong, Yan, Guilong, Luo, Jianquan, Cheng, Xiaojie,

Zhao, Ziyan, & Li, Han. (2022). Self-cleaning photocatalytic MXene

composite membrane for synergistically enhanced water treatment: Oil/water

separation and dyes removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 427, 131668.

Nurhidayati, Nurhidayati, Sugiyah, Sugiyah, & Yuliantari, Kartika. (2021).

Pengaturan Perlindungan Data Pribadi Dalam Penggunaan Aplikasi

Pedulilindungi. Widya Cipta: Jurnal Sekretari Dan Manajemen, 5(1), 39–45.

https://doi.org/10.31294/widyacipta.v5i1.9447

Olivia, Denindah, Rosadi, Sinta Dewi, & Permata, Rika Ratna. (2020).

Perlindungan data pribadi dalam penyelenggaraan aplikasi surveilans

kesehatan pedulilindungi dan covidsafe di Indonesia dan Australia. DATIN:

Law Journal, 1(2), 1–9.

Putri, Citra Eka, & Hamzah, Radja Erland. (2021). Aplikasi Pedulilindungi

Mitigasi Bencana Covid-19 Di Indonesia. Jurnal Pustaka Komunikasi, 4(1),

66–78. https://doi.org/10.32509/pustakom.v4i1.1321

Robin, Patricia, & Priscila, Gabriela. (2021). Pengaisan Big Data & Dunia

Kesehatan: “Analisis Penyalahgunaan Big Data Dalam Usaha Pemerintah

Indonesia Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19.” Jurnal Public Corner Fisip

Universitas Wiraraja, 16, 38–48.

Smith, Kristine M., Machalaba, Catherine C., Seifman, Richard, Feferholtz,

Yasha, & Karesh, William B. (2019). Infectious disease and economics: The

case for considering multi-sectoral impacts. One Health, 7, 100080.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.100080

van der Wielen, Wouter, & Barrios, Salvador. (2021). Economic sentiment during

the COVID pandemic: Evidence from search behaviour in the EU. Journal of

Economics and Business, 115, 105970.

XUE, Janet Hui. (2021). Algorithmic Vulnerability in Deploying Vaccination

Certificates in the European Union and China. European Journal of Risk

Regulation, 12(2), 332–342. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/err.2021.32