How to cite:
Dewa Ayu Eka Wahyuni, I Made Muliarta, Susy Purnawati. (2022).
Risk Factors Related to Pesticide Exposure in Banjar Horticultural
Farmers. Journal Eduvest. Vol 2(1): 14-21
E-ISSN:
2775-3727
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Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022
p- ISSN 2775-3735 e-ISSN 2775-3727
RISK FACTORS RELATED TO PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN
BANJAR HORTICULTURAL FARMERS
Dewa Ayu Eka Wahyuni, I Made Muliarta, Susy Purnawati
Udayana University, Indonesia
Email: ekawahyunii2202@gmail.com
1
, made_muliarta@unud.ac.id
2,
[email protected]
3
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Received:
December, 26
th
2021
Revised:
January, 17
th
2022
Approved:
January, 18
th
2022
Agriculture in Indonesia is the driving force for the country's
economy. Farmers in an effort to improve the quality and
productivity of agricultural products use pesticides. The use of
pesticides to control pests is growing rapidly. Banjar farmers
from the Dasong Department are active pesticide users, so there
is a potential for pesticide exposure. This study aims to determine
the relationship between risk factors and complaints on
horticultural farmers in Banjar Dinas Dasong, Pancasari Village,
Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency. This study is an analytical
observational study with a cross-sectional approach using 46
respondents. Data were analyzed by SPSS using chi-square test
and logistic regression. The results of the Chi-Square test showed
that there was no significant relationship between age, pesticide
dose, duration of spraying, time of spraying, and frequency of
spraying with complaints from farmers (p>0.05). While there is a
significant relationship between the use of PPE with complaints
to farmers (p <0.05). The results of the logistic regression test
showed that the duration of spraying, spraying time, frequency
of spraying, and use of PPE with complaints to farmers was not
significant (p>0.05). This is due to other external factors. This
research can be concluded that there is no correlation between
the duration of spraying, spraying time, frequency of spraying,
and the use of PPE with the complaints of farmers in Banjar
Dinas Dasong, Pancasari Village, Sukasada District, Buleleng
Regency.
KEYWORDS
Pesticide, Risk Factors; Horticultural Farmer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Dewa Ayu Eka Wahyuni, I Made Muliarta, Susy Purnawati
Risk Factors Related to Pesticide Exposure in Banjar Horticultural Farmers 15
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture in Indonesia has a very strategic role in the sector driving the
country's economy. According to data (Central Statistics Agency, 2020) in February 2020
the number of workers in Indonesia was 137.91 million people. Employment that
occupies the top rank is the agricultural sector with 38 million people (29.04%). The data
above shows that most districts in Indonesia still rely on the agricultural sector as a source
of Regional Original Income. In the agricultural sector, there are several sub-sectors in it,
such as horticulture, plantations, and food crops. Efforts to optimize the quality and
productivity of agricultural products use various technologies, one of which is the use of
pesticides (Kiloes & Sulistyaningrum, 2019).
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a pesticide is any
substance or mixture intended to prevent, destroy or control every pest, including vectors
for humans or animal diseases, and unwanted plants or animals that causes damage
during the production process. The use of pesticides in the agricultural sector in Indonesia
is growing rapidly. Based on data from Agricultural Infrastructure and Facilities Statistics
in 2016, the number of pesticide use was 3,930 people per year. Data from the World
Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every year 1-5 million cases of pesticide
poisoning occur in farmers with a mortality rate of 220,000 people.
Poisoning in Indonesia in the agricultural sector ranks second or third compared
to other sectors (Tasmi, Lubis, & Mahayuni, 2015). The prevalence of pesticide
poisoning was obtained from moderate to severe levels. Farmers in Indonesia use a lot of
organophosphate and carbamate pesticides which are synthetic pesticides (Wudianto,
2007). Farmers in Bali show the same thing, especially in Pancasari Village. Pancasari
Village is one of the villages in Sukasada District, the majority of the population works in
the agricultural sector. Pancasari Village is the largest agricultural center in Bali,
especially in the horticulture sub-sector. The commodities cultivated in Pancasari Village
are, strawberries, tomatoes, chilies, and peppers. Based on the results of water quality
inspections in Lake Buyan, Pancasari Village, it was found that environmental pollution
was caused by residues from organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate pesticides
(Yadnyawati et al., 2020).
Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides have a way of working by inhibiting
the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) through a phosphorylation process at the ester
anion and synapses causing disorders of the autonomic nervous system. Inhibition of
AChE causes accumulation of acetylcholine and binds to muscarinic and nicotinic
receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This buildup causes symptoms of
poisoning that affect all parts of the body (Neal, 2020). Based on the complaints felt by
farmers using pesticides, 60.9% of farmers showed specific complaints (Minaka, Sawitri,
& Wirawan, 2016).
Symptoms and signs of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisoning are
often found with complaints of dizziness, nausea and increased fatigue. People are not
aware and have the assumption that this does not require special attention (Puspitarani,
2016). Complaints felt by farmers can be influenced by internal and external factors.
Insufficient information regarding exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides
on farmers. This study aims to determine the relationship between the variables of age,
pesticide dose, duration of spraying, spraying frequency, and use of personal protective
equipment with complaints to horticultural farmers who use pesticides in Banjar Dinas
Dasong, Pancasari Village, Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency.
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022
16 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach
in which the independent variable and the dependent variable are observed at one time.
This research was conducted in Banjar Dinas Dasong, Pancasari Village, Sukasada
District, Buleleng Regency in June – September 2021. This study included 46 samples
that met the inclusion criteria. The affordable population in this study were horticultural
farmers who were exposed to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in Banjar
Dinas Dasong, Pancasari Village, Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency for the period
June - September 2021.
The data collection technique used was purposive sampling method. This study
used primary data obtained from interviews using a self-identity questionnaire and a
pesticide exposure questionnaire. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the research was
conducted door to door at farmers' homes and plantations. Researchers and respondents
when collecting data in the field completely use PPE to prevent dangerous risks.
The independent variables in this study were age, pesticide dose, duration of
spraying, time of spraying, frequency of spraying and use of PPE. While the dependent
variable is farmers' complaints. Data were processed univariate, bivariate and
multivariate with SPSS version 26. Bivariate analysis used chi-square test on categorical
data. The independent variables in the bivariate analysis with p < 0.25 were included in
the multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression method. This
study obtained an ethical clearance from the Research Ethics Commission of the Faculty
of Medicine, Udayana University with the number 165/UN14.2.2.VII.14/LT/2021.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Characteristics of Pesticide Use
Table 1. Characteristics of Pesticide Use in Banjar Dinas Dasong
No.
Merek Dagang
Jenis
1
Acrobat
Fungisida
2
Antracol
Insektisida
3
Cabrio Top
Fungisida
4
Callicron
Insektisida
5
Curacron
Insektisida
6
Confidor
Insektisida
7
Daconil
Fungisida
8
Dursban
Insektisida
9
Decis
Insektisida
10
Demolish
Insektisida
11
Endure
Insektisida
12
Fra-re
Insektisida
13
Kanon
Insektisida
14
Kocide
Fungisida
15
Sapporo
Insektisida
16
Sidacron
Insektisida
17
Sidazeb
Fungisida
Dewa Ayu Eka Wahyuni, I Made Muliarta, Susy Purnawati
Risk Factors Related to Pesticide Exposure in Banjar Horticultural Farmers 17
A total of 46 horticultural farmers in Banjar Dinas Dasong participated in this
study. The use of pesticides on horticultural farmers in Banjar Dinas Dasong, Pancasari
Village, Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency is listed in Table 1., indicating that the
types of insecticides used by respondents, such as callicron, curacron, dursban, kanon,
and sidacron brands. Fungicides used, such as morpholine, methoxy-carbamate,
chloronitile, inorganic, and dithiocarbamate. Insecticides that are often used for spraying
activities by horticultural farmers are organophosphates and carbamates.
B. Characteristics of Horticultural Farmers' Risk Factors in Banjar Dinas Dasong
Table 2. Characteristics of Horticultural Farmers' Risk Factors in Banjar
Dinas Dasong
Risk factors
Frequency
Percentage
Age
< 40
12
26,1
40
34
73,9
Pesticide Dosage
It is not in accordance with
5
10,9
In accordance
41
89,1
Spraying Time
> 4 hours
1
2,2
4 hours
45
97,8
Spraying Time
Day dominant
1
2,2
Dominant morning/afternoon
45
97,8
Spraying frequency
<1 time/week
33
71,7
>1 time/week
13
28,3
Use of PPE
Incomplete < 5
30
65,2
Complete 5
16
34,8
Total
46
100,0
Based on the results of research conducted on 46 respondents, it is known that the
distribution of risk factors is that the majority of farmers who carry out pesticide spraying
activities are 40 years old as many as 34 people (73.9%). The majority of farmers in
Banjar Dinas Dasong have used the dosage according to the recommendations listed on
the package, a total of 41 people (89.1%). The dominant farmers spraying time 4 hours
were 45 people (97.8%), 45 people (97.8%) were spraying in the morning or afternoon.
Farmers mostly have a frequency of spraying less than 1 time per week as many as 33
people (71.7%) and there are still many farmers who use incomplete PPE <5 as many as
30 people (65.2%). A small number of farmers, amounting to 9 people (19.6%) felt
complaints after carrying out pesticide spraying activities. The types of complaints that
are felt include headaches, increased fatigue, itching, and nausea.
Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square . Significance Test
Table 3. Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square Significance Test for Risk Factors
with Complaints
No
Variabel
Farmer's Complaint
p-value
Ada
%
Tidak
%
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022
18 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
ada
1
Age
40 years
8
23,5
26
76,5
0,409
< 40 years old
1
8,3
11
91,7
2
Pesticide Dosage
It is not in accordance
with
1
20,0
4
80,0
1,000
In accordance
8
19,5
33
80,5
3
Spraying Time
> 4 hours
1
100
0
0,0
0,196
+
4 hours
8
17,8
37
82,2
4
Spraying Time
Day dominant
1
100
0
0,0
0,196
+
Dominant
morning/afternoon
8
17,8
37
82,2
5
Spraying Frequency
More than 1
time/week
5
38,5
8
61,5
0,092
+
Less than 1 time/week
4
12,1
29
87,9
6
Use of PPE
Incomplete < 5
9
30,3
21
70,0
0,018*
+
Complete 5
0
0,0
16
100
*p<0,05 + included in the multivariate analysis
The results of the chi-square analysis to see the relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable. Based on Table 3, it shows that there is
no significant relationship between age, pesticide dose, duration of spraying, time of
spraying and frequency of spraying with farmer complaints (p>0.05). However, other risk
factors such as the use of PPE have a significant relationship with farmer complaints after
spraying activities (p <0.05).
Logistics Regression Multivariate Analysis
Table 4. Results of Multivariate Logistics Regression Analysis
Variabel
Pseudo
R-Square
Koefisien
Regresi (B)
OR (Exp. B)
P
value
Spraying Time
22,877
86158662
969
1,000
Spraying Time
0,481
21,426
20193431
59
1,000
Spraying Frequency
1,451
4,267
0,115
Use of PPE
19,953
26305255
9,6
0,998
constant
-44,080
0,000
0,999
Multivariate analysis used binary logistic regression method with independent
variables in bivariate analysis with p < 0.25. Variables such as duration of spraying, time
of spraying, frequency of spraying, and use of PPE were analyzed simultaneously. The
results of the multivariate analysis are presented in the form of Table 4, it is known that
the pseudo R-Square value obtained through the logistic regression test is 0.481 or 48.1%
Dewa Ayu Eka Wahyuni, I Made Muliarta, Susy Purnawati
Risk Factors Related to Pesticide Exposure in Banjar Horticultural Farmers 19
(Nagelkerke). Based on these results, it indicates that the variables of spraying time,
spraying time, frequency of spraying, and the use of PPE to explain complaints to farmers
are 48.1%, of which 51.9% are explained by external factors.
Table 4 shows that the duration of spraying, time of spraying, frequency of spraying,
and use of PPE have no effect on farmer complaints because this multivariate analysis
will compete with other variables.
Discussion
This study shows that from a total of 46 respondents, 9 (19.6%) horticultural
farmers from Banjar Dinas Dasong had specific complaints due to pesticide poisoning.
Research conducted on farmers in Gondosuli, Central Java by 93.8%, farmers in Jember
by 60% found specific complaints due to pesticides (Rahmasari & Musfirah, 2020). The
difference in the results was caused by the sampling technique and the instrument used.
The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was no significant
relationship between age and farmer complaints (p = 0.409). This study is in line with
previous research conducted on farmers in Karo Regency which found no relationship
between age and health complaints. The results of this study are supported by Ipmawati's
research, spraying activities are classified as productive age, capable, and ready to
increase income to the maximum (Ipmawati, Setiani, & Darundiati, 2016)
There was no significant relationship between pesticide doses and farmers'
complaints (p=1,000). These results are in line with research conducted in Pancasari
Village which found no significant relationship between pesticide doses and farmers'
health complaints (Minaka et al., 2016). The results of this study are not in accordance
with the theory. Because the larger the dose used, the risk of pesticide poisoning will
increase. This discrepancy in results is caused by farmers carrying out spraying activities
on land that is not too large and the exposure time is not long (Mardiyah et al, 2019).
The risk factor for spraying time did not have a significant relationship with
farmers' complaints (p = 0.196). These results are in accordance with research in Tejosari
Village, it is known that there is no significant relationship between the duration of
spraying and the health complaints of farmers (Runia, 1993). These results are in line
with previous research in Balik Bukit District, West Lampung Regency, which found that
there was no relationship between the duration of spraying and the health complaints of
farmers (Yushananta, Melinda, Mahendra, Ahyanti, & Anggraini, 2020). According to
the Minister of Manpower Regulation No. Per-03/Men/1986, it is stated that you should
not be exposed to pesticides more than 5 hours a day and 20 hours a week in order to
avoid unwanted effects.
This study stated that there was no relationship between the time of spraying and
the complaints felt by farmers (p = 0.196). This research is in line with research
conducted in Canada which states that farmers carry out spraying activities in the
morning or evening (Maybank, Yoshida, & Grover, 1978). The study in Mendongan
Village, Sumowono District, Semarang Regency obtained the same results showing that
there was no significant relationship between spraying time and cholinesterase levels
(Pradananingrum, Setyaningsih, & Suwondo, 2021). The time of applying pesticides will
determine the effectiveness of the pesticides that are sprayed. If the time of spraying is
done properly, then pest control will be optimal.
Spraying frequency did not have a significant relationship with farmers'
complaints (p=0.092). These results are similar to research conducted in Candi Village,
Bandungan District, which showed that there was no significant relationship between
spraying frequency and farmer complaints. The more often farmers carry out spraying
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies
Volume 2 Number 1, January 2022
20 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id
activities, the higher the risk of poisoning due to pesticides. So that the level of the
enzyme cholinesterase decreases. The frequency of spraying should be carried out
according to the established rules, a maximum of 2 times a week (Samosir et al, 2017). In
fact, farmers carry out spraying activities according to the needs in the field. If plants are
attacked by pests, farmers will spray more often without paying attention to the rules that
have been set.
The use of PPE has a significant relationship with farmers' complaints (p=0.018).
Research in Gondosuli Magelang Village is in accordance with this study, where a
significant relationship was found between the use of PPE and farmer complaints
(Rahmasari & Musfirah, 2020). A similar study conducted in Rurukan Regency showed
the results (p = 0.002) that there was a relationship between the use of PPE and
cholinesterase enzymes (Tutu, Manapiring, & Umboh, 2020).
The results of the multivariate analysis showed different results on the use of
PPE, the p-value was 0.998, meaning that there was no significant relationship between
the use of PPE and the complaints felt by farmers in Banjar Dinas Dasong, Pancasari
Village, Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency. This causes there to be no significant
relationship between these two variables, such as the number of samples, the lack of
instruments, and the sampling technique used.
Farmers feel unfamiliar and uncomfortable when they have to use full PPE. The
majority of farmers who spray pesticides only use long clothes, head coverings, and
boots. Based on the theory, the use of PPE when spraying activities will protect farmers
in the area from direct exposure to pesticides. The risk of poisoning will be reduced if
used completely. According to (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016)
the recommended PPE for farmers who spray pesticides is obliged to use (1) head
protection in the form of a hat/helmet; (2) eye and face protection in the form of goggle
glass/face shield; (3) respiratory protection in the form of masks; (4) latex
gloves/handscoons; (5) protective clothing in the form of long-sleeved shirts and long-
sleeved pants; (6) gaiters/boots.
Based on the results of interviews, respondents stated that most of them did not
use complete PPE because they were used to and uncomfortable when spraying. Most
farmers do not use PPE in the form of masks and gloves. Pesticide contamination that
ranks first occurs through the skin. Poisoning due to pesticide particles entering through
inhalation ranks second. If farmers do not use PPE completely, it will make pesticides
easy to absorb into the body.
Organophosphate pesticides are very dangerous because the pesticide and
cholinesterase bonds are irreversible. Other health impacts that will result from long-term
use of organophosphate pesticides, such as neurobehavioral or neurotoxic symptoms.
Interaction with other enzymes can occur in some organophosphates called esterase target
neuropathy (NTE) which is found in the brain and spinal cord (Dhamayanti & Saftarina,
2018).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of bivariate analysis, the risk factor for the use of PPE has a
significant relationship with farmer complaints (p = 0.018). In multivariate analysis, it
was found that risk factors, such as duration of spraying, time of spraying, frequency of
spraying and use of PPE had no effect on farmer complaints (p>0.05).
Suggestions to farmers during spraying activities should use complete PPE to
minimize direct exposure to pesticides. Further research can be done to examine the
poisoning of farmers to determine blood cholinesterase levels using the Tintometer Kit.
Dewa Ayu Eka Wahyuni, I Made Muliarta, Susy Purnawati
Risk Factors Related to Pesticide Exposure in Banjar Horticultural Farmers 21
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