How to cite:

Linda Agustin, Nurainas, Syamsuardi, Anthoni Agustien and

Chairul. (2021). Zingiber Macradenium K. Schum, an Endemic

Ginger from Sumatera: Traditional Use and Antimicrobe

Potential. Journal Eduvest. 1(10): 1036-1046

E-ISSN:

2775-3727

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Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 1 Number 10, October 2021

p- ISSN 2775-3735 e-ISSN 2775-3727

ZINGIBER MACRADENIUM

K. SCHUM, AN ENDEMIC GINGER

FROM SUMATERA: TRADITIONAL USE AND ANTIMICROBE

POTENTIAL

Linda Agustin, Nurainas, Syamsuardi, Anthoni Agustien and Chairul

Andalas University

E-mail: [email protected], nurainas@sci.unand.ac.id,

[email protected], anthonieag[email protected],

[email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received:

September, 26

2021

Revised:

October, 12

2021

Approved:

October, 14

2021

The Zingiber genus has 84 species and varieties in the

Malesia region, one of which is Zingiber macradenium K.

Schum. This species is endemic to Sumatra. Zingiber

macradenium K. Schum with the local name Lampuriang

has been used as a toothache medicine by local people in

several locations in West Sumatra. This study conducted

in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) key informants who

were guided by a questionnaire and the data were

analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the ICS

(Index of Cultural Significance) and UV (Use Value)

formulas, antibacterial test using the paper disc diffusion

method. The results of the study show that the rhizome of

Z. macradenium is used in addition to treating itching,

lumbago and other uses by means of research.

Antibacterial test showed potential as an antibacterial

with a strong inhibitory diameter.

KEYWORDS

Zingiber macradenium, Zingiberaceae, Endemic, Ethnobotany,

Antibacterial

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

 
 
Linda Agustin, Nurainas, Syamsuardi, Anthoni Agustien and Chairul 
Zingiber Macradenium K. Schum, an Endemic Ginger from Sumatera: Traditional Use 
and Antimicrobe Potential                                                                                                    1037 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
  Zingiber  is  a  genus  with  high  species  diversity  in  the  Zingiberaceae  family. 
Eighty-four (84) species and varieties of Zingiber have been identified from the Malesia 
region (Newman et al, 2004) and at least 18 species of them have been found in Sumatra 
(Ardiyani,  2015;  Nurainas  and  Arbain,  2017).  One  type  of  this  family  is  Zingiber 
macradenium K. Schum. This species was described by Karl Schumman in 1878 based on 
type specimens collected at Sunge Bulu, Padang, West Sumatra (IPNI, 2020). The rarity 
status  recorded  on  the  IUCN  Red  List  Zingiber  macradenium  is  VU  (vulnerable; 
vulnerable).  This  is  thought  to  be  due  to  the  declining  population  due  to  habitat 
degradation (Orlander, 2020). 
Zingiber  macradenium,  known  locally  as  Lampuriang,  has  been  used  by  local 
people  as  a  mouthwash  for  toothaches.  However,  this  use  has  not  been  scientifically 
proven. Although scientific information is still very limited, the use of this plant is still 
used as an alternative solution to public health problems. 
Previously, studies on the utilization and chemical activity of the Zingiberaceae 
family with materials originating from Sumatra have been actively carried out by several 
researchers.  The  results  found  that local communities in  using Zingiberaceae not  only 
cultivated  species,  but  also  used  wild  species  both  in  medicine  and  for  various  other 
purposes  (Jalius  and  Muswita, 2013;  Auliani,  et  al.,  2014;  Hartanto  et  al.,  2014).  The 
results also reveal that several Zingiberaceae species originating from West Sumatra have 
the potential to be developed for various purposes.  Praptiwi et al (2015) found 18 species 
from West Sumatra which showed antioxidant activity capable of binding free radicals. 
The wild type Elettariopsis slahmong has the potential to be used as a biopesticide for 
diseases  in  cocoa  plants  (Nasir,  2017).  Other  data  from  ethnobotanical  research  on 
medicinal  plants  in  the  Mentawai  noted  that  about  75%  of  the  32  species  from  the 
Zingiberaceae family have been used by sikerei in traditional medicine (Nurainas et al., 
2021). 
The purpose of this study was to reveal the use of Zingiber macradenium through 
an ethnobotanical approach. The actibacterial test was carried out to obtain preliminary 
scientific data that supports the use of this species in the future. The results of this study 
can  be  used  as  scientific  data  for  the  use  of  plants  as  herbal  medicines  which  are 
alternative solutions for health problems. 
 
RESEARCH METHOD 
   
  This  study  was  conducted  in  two  locations  in  the  province  of  West  Sumatra, 
namely  Rantih  Village,  Sawahlunto  City  and  Nagari  Sungai  Buluh  Timur,  Padang 
Pariama Regency (Figure 1). Study materials are in  the form of  self-collected samples 
and  materials  that  have  been  stored  at  the  Andalas  University  Herbarium  (ANDA). 
Utilization  data  was  obtained  through  depth  interviews  in  the  field  to  8  (eight)  key 
informants (herbalists, community leaders, and people who know and use these plants). 
Interviews were conducted directly with guided questionnaires. The questionnaire refers 
to RISTOJA (2017) with some modifications. 
 

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 1 Number 10, October 2021

1038 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

Figure 1. Distribution Map of Zingiber macradenium K. Schum in West Sumatra (Source:

ArcGIS 10.4)

The antibacterial test was carried out at the Biotechnology laboratory, Sumatra

Biota Laboratory, Andalas University, Padang. The method used is Kirby-Bauer diffusion

or paper disc diffusion to determine the inhibition zone formed on the media in millimeter

units (Bonang and Koeswardono, 1979). The material used was the brewed extract of Z.

macradenium rhizome from each research location. The medium used is Sodium Agar

(NA). The test bacteria used was Streptococcus mutans from the Biotechnology

Laboratory, Sumatra Biota Laboratory, Andalas University, Padang. Phytochemical

qualitative analysis was carried out at the Central Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, LIPI,

Serpong using the screening method (Harborne, 1987).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Traditional Uses of Zingiber Macradenium K. Schum

Zingiber Macradenium is a herbaceous plant that is found growing on the banks of

rivers or damp places on the edge of the forest. This species is a wild plant that is not

planted intentionally. Based on data from specimens at the Andalas University Herbarium

(ANDA), administratively this species was found in seven locations in 5 districts/cities.

Altitudinally, this species is found in the plains to the lower mountains (Table 1 and

Figure 1).

Table 1. Distribution of Lampuriang in West Sumatra Province

Location

Regency/City

Altitude (m dpl)

Sungai buluh

Padang Pariaman

80-100

Sipisang

Padang Pariaman

150-250

Kampung Tangah

Padang Pariaman

80-210

Tigo Lurah

Solok

800-1000

Lintau Buo

Tanah Datar

270-300

Rantih

Sawahlunto

200-300

Kulampi

Sijunjung

200-300

Linda Agustin, Nurainas, Syamsuardi, Anthoni Agustien and Chairul

Zingiber Macradenium K. Schum, an Endemic Ginger from Sumatera: Traditional Use

and Antimicrobe Potential 1039

Zingiber macradenium is a herbaceous, terrestrial plant, 2.5–3 m tall, 20 leaves

on the stem; rhizome below the soil surface, the outer surface is rough and hairy, the flesh

of the rhizome is yellow-pink, aromatic. Leaves: midrib green, glabrous; ligules 0.2–0.5

cm short, rounded tips, glabrous, green color; petiole short, green; leaf blade glabrous,

oblong, 22–58 cm x 2.5–8 cm, flat edge, acuminatus tip. Compound flowers 60–80 cm

long, 3-4 flowers bloom together. Tubular flowers, 7–8 cm long; bract enclosing single

flower, spathulate, 2.5–3 x 6–7 cm, apex rounded, green, glabrous; bracteola lanceolate,

5.5–6 x 0.5–1 cm, apex acuminatus, beige, glabrous; tubular calyx, 1.5–2.5 x 0.5–1.5 cm,

white, glabrous; floral tube 5-6 cm long, cream color, glabrous; dorsal corolla lobe

triangular-ovatus, 0.3–0.4 x 0.5–-1 cm, beige, glabrous; lateral corolla lobes ovatus, 0.2–

0.3 x 0.5–1 cm, beige, glabrous; labellum subtrilobed, 4–4.5 x 2.5–3 cm, dark purple with

yellow spots, tip split. Laminar stamens 5–6 cm long, cream-yellow, glabrous; anther 4–5

x 0.3–0.5 cm, yellow with appendage appendages 1.5–1.7 cm long, purple with black

tips, glabrous. filiform style; stigma white color, 5-7 cm; epigenous glands 2, subulata,

cream-yellow color, glabrous. Ovaries 0.2–0.3 x 0.1–0.2 cm silent, white, glabrous.

Figure 2. Zingiber macradenium K. Schum. A: The plant habit. B: Details of

ligules. C: Inflorescence. D: A Flower. E: Details of stamen and ovary with epigenous

glands. F: Dissection of flower (from left): bract, bracteole, calyx, dorsal and lateral

corolla lobes, labellum, ovary with style, stigma and epigenous glands, floral tube with

stamen attach. (A-F: Linda Agustin, 0044782, fl) Photos by Linda Agustin (Scale bar:

E=5 cm; F= 3 cm)

Based on interviews that have been conducted with key informants in Rantih

Village, Sawahlunto City, it was found that the form of utilization of Zingiber

macradenium K. Schum is for mouthwash, itching medicine, back pain medicine, and

other uses here which are meant for herbal medicin use (Table 2). The main form of

utilization used by the community is for mouthwash. There are no values of local wisdom

in the taking of materials and processing of Z. macradenium plants. This plant is still

classified as a wild plant and there has been no conservation effort by the community in

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 1 Number 10, October 2021

1040 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

the form of cultivation.

Table 2. Utilization of Zingiber macradenium by the people of Rantih Village,

Sawahlunto City

Form of Utilization

Part of Utilization

Processing Method

Mouthwash

rhizome

The rhizome of Z.

macradenium is taken to

taste, washed, crushed or

roughly sliced, boiled into

one glass of water, then the

boiled water was gargled

Back pain medicine

rhizome

almost the same as

mouthwash, but the water is

drunk

Itching medicine

rhizome

A little more rhizome is

used, and the cooking water

was used for bathing and

splashed on the itchy body

part

Other Uses

rhizome

The dried rhizome of Z.

macradenium is used as a

mixture with pepper and

other ingredients, chewed by

traditional healers and

sprayed on patients with

witchcraft

The Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) value is a quantitative analysis to measure

the level of cultural significance of a plant species for a community group. The results

showed that the ICS value for Z. macradenium was 9.5 which was categorized as very

low (Turner, 1988). This ICS value compared to close relatives is also very low (Table 3).

This is because the cultural use of Z. macradenium by people in West Sumatra is still low

because this plant is still little known, its use is only for toothache medicine and is also an

endemic plant when compared to species found in the literature that have been commonly

used and widely cultivated. . The low value of ICS is also due to the fact that people are

more likely to use common drugs on the market to treat a disease.

Table 3. Comparison of ICS values of Zingiber macradenium K. Schum. with close

relatives from various locations

Species Name

Research

Location

Score ICS

Category

Sample A

Sample B

Sample

Control + (Amoxycillin)

48,12

44,78

Control – (Aquades steril)

Extract Concentration100%

12,35

Extract Concentration 50%

22,76

Extract Concentration 25%

28,44

12,07

Note: (-) not formed; (SK) is very strong; (K) strong;

Based on Table 5. it is known that the extract of Zingiber macradenium rhizome

brewed had the highest inhibition zone in Sample A (Sungai Buluh, Padang Pariaman

Regency) at a concentration of 25% at 28.44 mm. As for Sample B (Rantih Village,

Sawahlunto City) the inhibition zone was only formed at a concentration of 25% with an

inhibition zone diameter of 12.07 mm. This means that the effective concentration in

inhibiting Streptococcus mutans bacteria is at a concentration of 25%. As for the

concentration of 50% and 100% in Sample B, no inhibition zone was formed. This is

thought to be caused by the concentration of secondary metabolites contained in each

extract is too high, thus inhibiting the formation of inhibition zones. The secondary

metabolite content through phytochemical screening contains saponins, alkaloids, and

terpenoids/steroids.

B. Discussion

1) Uses of Zingiber macradenium

The Zingiberaceae family is known by the Indonesian people as the ginger group.

This plant is widely used by the community as cooking spices, medicines, spices,

ornamental plants, cosmetic ingredients, beverage ingredients, hair tonic ingredients,

supporting traditional ceremonies, and so on (Auliani et al., 2014). This is because

Zingiber contains bioactive compounds including gingerols, shogaols, diarylheptanoids,

phenylbutenoids, flavonoids, diterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids which have been widely

studied from the aspect of their activity as antibacterial, antitussive, and antioxidant

(Sivasothy et al., 2011; Tejasari et al., 2002; Tajkarimi et al., 2010; Shafri-rad et al.,

2017).

The plant part of Zingiber macradenium used for all types of the most widely used

plant parts as medicine by the community are roots (56.75%), stems (10.81%), bark or

trees (10.81%), seeds (2.7%). , latex (2.7%), and fruit (2.7%).

Processing methods for all forms of use are generally boiled, but utilization is fresh

rhizome, except for witchcraft treatment using dry rhizome. According to Husain (2015)

in other uses (drug treatment) the rhizome is chewed with other ingredients and sprayed

on to the patient. Other ethnobotanical studies of plants from the Zingiberaceae family

include Z. ottensii, Z. zerumbet, Hornstedtia scottina, and Z. officinale. The

ethnobotanical value of this species is as a medicinal plant, to treat postpartum diseases,

to facilitate breastfeeding, to cure itching, fever, joint pain, fatigue and cough (Marliani et

al., 2018; Devi et al., 2017; Silalahi et al. ., 2018; Tapundu et al., 2015). The method of

processing is by washing the rhizome, grated, then drinking the boiled water (Arum,

2012). In addition, the methanol extract of Z. ottensii has anti-cancer properties which are

 
 
Linda Agustin, Nurainas, Syamsuardi, Anthoni Agustien and Chairul 
Zingiber Macradenium K. Schum, an Endemic Ginger from Sumatera: Traditional Use 
and Antimicrobe Potential                                                                                                    1043 
indicated  by  the  presence  of  cell  antiproliferation  and  stimulates  apoptosis  in  breast 
cancer  cells  (Sinaga,  2014).  Another  ethnobotanical  value  of  Z.  zerumbet  is  for  its 
traditional magical rituals. The way of processing the rhizome is mixed with red ginger 
and garlic, grated, the water is squeezed then mixed with lemongrass oil and then used as 
a basting oil (Handayani, 2015). 
Based on  the ethnobotanical study of  Z. macradenium, it is known that the ICS 
value and UV value are relatively low due to the lack of knowledge of this species by the 
community so that this species has the potential to be domesticated. According to the Big 
Indonesian  Dictionary  (KBBI),  domestication  is  the  taming  of  wild  animals  or  wild 
animals  and  so  on.  Meanwhile,  according  to  PP  No.  48  of  2011  concerning  Animal 
Genetic  Resources  and  Livestock  Breeding  in  article  16  paragraph  4  states  that 
domestication  is  a  "taming" process  carried  out  on  wild animals. The  difference  is,  if 
taming  is  more  on  individuals,  domestication  involves  populations,  such  as  selection 
(improvement of offspring), as well as changes in the behavior/nature of the wildlife that 
is  the  object.  Domestication  is  also  carried  out  on  plants  in  cultivation  efforts. 
Ethnobotany is closely related to domestication because it is related to the use of a plant 
and  also  ecological  science  to  determine  biotic  and  abiotic  conditions  in  the 
domestication process (Walujo, 2011). Z. macradenium is one of the plants that has the 
potential to be domesticated because of the potential use of useful spices and other uses. 
 
2)  Antibacterial Test 
The diameter of the inhibition zone formed at concentrations of 50% and 100% in 
each  sample  is also  due  to  the extract  used  in the  form  of brewed  extract so  that  the 
bioactive compounds contained will synergize with each other to influence and form an 
inhibition zone. The results will be different if a pure extract from a plant part is used, the 
greater the concentration, the greater the diameter of the inhibition zone formed. This is 
in accordance with the research of Angelika et al. (2014) that pure methanolic extract of 
E. hirta was able to form the largest inhibition zone on the test bacteria S. aureus, E. coli, 
and  R.  solanaceaerum  at  a  concentration  of  100%.  This  is  also  in  accordance  with 
Andries  et  al.  (2014)  regarding  clove  flower  extract  against  S.  mutans  in  vitro. 
Sriwidasari's  research  (2010)  using  ginger  extract  (Z.  officinale  Roscoe)  against  S. 
mutans  showed  antibacterial  properties  in  the  presence  of  an  inhibitory  zone  at  a 
concentration  of  6.25  mg/ml.  Then  the  research  of  Alibasyah,  Ridha  and  Ana  (2016) 
using  ginger  extract  (Z.officinale  Roscoe)  on  Porphyromona  ggivalis  bacteria  has 
antibacterial  potential  at  a  concentration  of  6.25%  with  an  average  inhibition  zone 
diameter of 10.6 mm although it is included in the weak category. 
The  secondary  metabolite  content  of  several  other  Zingiberaceae  family  species 
including Z. zerumbet has the sesquiterpene zerumbone, 1,8-cineole and -humulene. Z. 
graffitbii  has  cathecol  and  phyrogallol,  flavonoids  and  terpenoids.  Z.  cassumunar  has 
flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and benzene (Singh et al., 2015). Z. officinale 
has ar-curcumene, geranial, camphene, eucalyptol, isobornyl formate, -zingiberene (Rad 
et al., 2017). 
CONCLUSION 
 
Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that Zingiber 
macradenium is still used by some people in West Sumatra until now as a mouthwash, 
itching,  backache.  The  community's  traditional  knowledge  of  plants  seems  to  be 
decreasing,  this  can  be  seen  from  the  low  UV  and  ICS  values  of  plants.  Zingiber 
macradenium has potential as an antimicrobial which can be seen from the diameter of its 
strong inhibitory power. 

 
Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies 
Volume 1 Number 10, October 2021 
1044  http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
Acknowledgments to the people of Rantih Village, Sawahlunto  City  and Nagari 
Sungai  Buluh,  Padang  Pariaman  Regency  for  their  cooperation  in  this  research. 
Acknowledgments to the Regional Government of Sawahlunto City and Padang Pariaman 
Regency for the permission and facilities during the research. Part of the research funding 
and publication of this research will be through the Andalas University Basic Research 
Scheme in 2021 on behalf of Dr. Nurainas (Contract No.: T/3/UN.16.17/PT.01.03/KO-
RD/2021). 
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and Antimicrobe Potential                                                                                                    1045 
 
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