How to cite:

Sara Yemima Br Ambarita. (2021) Evaluation of Drug Uses for Calicivirus

and Panleukopenia Treatment in Bogor Animal Clinic on 2017 and 2018.

Journal Eduvest. 1(9): 999-1006

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2775-3727

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Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 1 Number 9, September 2021

p- ISSN 2775-3735 e-ISSN 2775-3727

EVALUATION OF DRUG USES FOR CALICIVIRUS AND PANLEUKOPENIA

TREATMENT IN BOGOR ANIMAL CLINIC ON 2017 AND 2018

Muhammad Agung Nulhakim, Bayu Febram Prasetyo, Rini Madyastuti Purwono

Bogor Agruculture University

E-mail: nulhak[email protected], febram1977@gmail.com,

rinipurwon[email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received:

August, 26

2021

Revised:

September, 15

2021

Approved:

September, 17

2021

Drug therapy in cases of infections by viruses is only to prevent

secondary infections. The use of drugs for each action must be

evaluated through a drug use evaluation program (EPO) in

order to guarantee a rational and effective drug. This study

aims to examine the drugs in case for handling and the

effectiveness of drug use in cases of infections caused by

viruses, in this study the therapeutic use of drugs in cases of

feline calicivirus and feline panleukopenia. This research is a

descriptive study using data from 543 patients who came to

get treatment of clinic in Bogor City during 2017 and 2018, 29

of which were infected with feline calicivirus and 32 infected

with feline panleukopenia. Evaluation of drug use in these two

viral diseases is done descriptively by comparing research data

with literature. The results showed the use of drugs in the case

of feline calicivirus there were 12 types of drug treatment,

while in the case of feline panleukopenia there were 9 types of

drug treatment. The use of drugs most often used is based on

the records of veterinary clinical records, namely the

preparation of metronidazole combined with cefadroxil to

handle cases of feline calicivirus and metronidazole alone to

handle cases of feline panleukopenia.

KEYWORDS

Feline Calicivirus, Feline Panleukopenia, Evaluation Of Drug Use,

Metronidazole, Cefadroxyl

Sara Yemima Br Ambarita

Evaluation of Drug Uses for Calicivirus and Panleukopenia Treatment in Bogor Animal

Clinic on 2017 and 2018 1000

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.

INTRODUCTION

Pets are animals that are domesticated and cared for by owners and can be considered

as additional needs for humans (Rahmiati & Pribadi, 2014). The relationship between

animals and their owners has been widely studied and proven to provide positive benefits

for their owners in terms of physical, psychological and social welfare. This relationship

makes pets an increasingly important need in modern households (Chen, Hung, & Peng,

2012). The activity of raising animals is not just a hobby that is not beneficial for animal

owners (Nurlayli & Hidayati, 2014), but is a form of social support that can improve health.

In general, people are more likely to choose cats as one of their pets, in membership of the

World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), the increase in the cat population in

Indonesia reached 66% (2nd rank). The world's pet population reaches 15 million cats.

The cats that are kept are mostly domestic cats with the Latin name Felis catus or

Felis dometica. Felis domestica is a member of the order Carnivora, family Felidae

(Firdaushi, 2015). Cats can be good for humans and can be bad when diseases arise, such

as the transmission of cat diseases to humans (Sardjono, Baskoro, Endharti, & Poeranto,

2017). Cat health is very important, this is supported by the role of veterinary hospital

clinics to carry out medical actions on pets.

According to Muhammad (2011) states, the cat's habitat will determine the growth

and health of cats. Cats are often found in various places such as markets, schools, tourist

attractions and terminals so that the growth and health of cats varies. The popularity of pets

today makes people more and more fond of keeping pets at home for just a hobby. Many

cat owners do not pay attention to good pet care procedures, lack of attention from pet

owners can trigger the emergence of diseases in pets that are sometimes considered not

serious.

Viral disease is an infectious disease caused by a virus, infection with these agents

can occur very quickly and spread to the environment as well as other animals in the

vicinity. Viral diseases that can interfere with cat health include feline calicivirus and feline

panleukopenia. Feline panleukopenia virus or commonly known as FPV is a disease in cats

caused by feline parvovirus, a single-stranded DNA virus. Truyen et al. (2009) stated that

the virus is very fatal and risky in cats of all ages and Syafriati (2004) stated that feline

panleukopenia can cause death, especially in young cats and reach a mortality rate of 75%.

This virus can survive in the environment and remain infectious for up to one month on dry

surfaces at room temperature (Truyen et al., 2009).

The prevalence of feline calicivirus or commonly called FCV varies depending on

the environment. Individually, FCV is present in about 10% of cats (either in an active state

or in carriers), while in shelters or catteries it reaches 25-40%, according to Scherk et al.

(2013) stated, this figure is the maximum level of prevalence of calicivirus disease. FCV

can spread very quickly, with a mortality rate of up to 67%. Cat owners may not be aware

of the early symptoms that indicate that their pet cat has feline calicivirus and feline

parvovirus. Cats are usually taken to the vet after the infection is severe or chronic, so the

risk of death increases. Cat calici virus can survive in the environment for about 1 month

and is resistant to many common disinfectants (Addie et al., 2009) such as phenol,

formaldehyde, chlorine, iodine or sublimate (Irianto, 2007).

The purpose of this study was to determine the evaluation of the use of drug

preparations in the treatment of cases of feline calicivirus and feline panleukopenia in a

Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies

Volume 1 Number 9, September 2021

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veterinary clinic in Bogor City. While the expected benefits of this study are to provide

information regarding the evaluation of the use of drug preparations in the treatment of

cases of feline calicivirus and feline panleukopenia in one of the veterinary clinics in Bogor

City.

RESEARCH METHOD

This study used a descriptive qualitative method which was carried out from

September to October 2019 at the Starvet Animal Clinic, Ciomas, Bogor. The data taken

in the form of secondary data, namely medical record data in 2017 and 2018. The tools and

materials used in this study are laptops as a tool for processing and inputting data, medical

record data for 2017-2018 from one of the Veterinary Clinics in Bogor City, logs book, pen

and ruler. The data used in this study were 544 medical record data for the period 2017 to

2018 at the Starvet veterinary clinic in Ciomas, Bogor. The data taken is medical record

data suspected of being infected with Calicivirus and Panleukopenia. The data obtained is

then stored in tabular form in a log book containing information in the form of signalement,

clinical symptoms, diagnoses and drugs. The data obtained from the observations were

entered into the Microsoft Excel program. Data analysis used descriptive method. The data

were grouped based on the type of disease and the most frequently used drugs for animals

infected with feline panleukopenisa and feline calicivirus.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A common problem for cat owners is a viral disease that is known to be fatal in cats,

which can lead to rapid death. Diseases that are dangerous for cats include feline calicivirus

and feline panleukopenia. Feline calicivirus is often found attacking kittens, sick cats and

cats that have not been vaccinated. Kittens are more susceptible to infection than adult cats

because maternal antibodies have decreased (Agromedia 2008). Maternal antibody is a part

of passive immunity in the body. Passive immunity can be defined as the transfer of active

humoral immunity in the form of antibodies from a parent organism to its offspring.

Maternal antibodies can enhance immunity by interfering with the growth of pathogenic

organisms (Johnson and Povey 1983). The target organs that are attacked by this disease

are blood-forming tissue, lymph, and the mucosa of the gastrointestinal organs so that it

can cause a decrease in the number of leukocytes and the occurrence of enteritis (Syafriati

2004). The virus will spread for two weeks, after two weeks the infected cat can not release

the virus into the environment again or so-called latent infection. This disease usually

occurs due to the overcrowded cat population in cages, poor ventilation, poor cage

sanitation and poor nutrition.

The results of the examination of 543 patients at the Ciomas Animal Clinic, Bogor

based on medical records in 2017 and 2018, obtained 29 positive cats infected with feline

calicivirus disease which can be seen in Table 1 and 32 cats positive for feline

panleukopenia which can be seen in Table 2. Diseases Feline calicivirus is one of the most

common viral diseases, based on the results of medical records in 2017 and 2018 at the

veterinary clinic as presented in Table 1.

Sara Yemima Br Ambarita

Evaluation of Drug Uses for Calicivirus and Panleukopenia Treatment in Bogor Animal

Clinic on 2017 and 2018 1002

Table 1 Use of drug therapy in cases of calicivirus

The number of feline calicivirus cases in the span of two years is 29 cases. Feline

calicivirus is spread throughout the world and can attack all cat breeds. According to

Radford (2007), this disease attacks cats with high levels of infection and transmission from

infected cats to healthy cats. The prevalence of calicivirus in animal shelters can range from

25-40%. Drug therapy used in the veterinary clinic in handling this case included 10.34%

amoxiclav®, 3.45% cefadroxil, 6.90% ampicillin, 17.24% metronidazole, 6.90%

theophylline, 3.45% amoxicillin, 3.45% amoxicillin combined with dexamethasone. ,

amoxicillin and metronidazole 6.90%, metronidazole and cefadroxil 24.14%, clindamycin

and metronidazole 10.34%, amoxicillin combined with metronidazole and theophylline

3.45% and cefadroxil combined fluimicyl® with bromhexine. The graph of the use of

antifungal drugs in the research object's clinic in a span of two years can be seen in Graph

Graph 1 The use of drug therapy in cases of feline calicivirus in one of the

veterinary clinics in Bogor City

Based on medical records at the veterinary clinic, the most widely used drug therapy

for cases of feline calicivirus was metronidazole combined with cefadroxil, which was

Drug Use

Type of Drug

Number of

Uses

Percen

tage

Alone

Amoxiclav

10.34%

Sefadroksil

3.45%

Ampisillin

6.90%

Metronidazol

17.24%

Teofilin

6.90%

Amoksisillin

3.45%

Combination 2

drug

Amoksisillin + Deksametason

3.45%

Amoksisillin + Metronidazol

6.90%

Metronidazol + Sefadroksil

24.14%

Klindamisin + Metronidazol

10.34%

Combination 3

drug

Amoksisillin + Metronidazol + Teofilin

3.45%

Sefadroksil + Fluimicyl

+ Bromheksin

3.45%

Total

30.00%

24.14%

25.00%

20.00%

17.24%

15.00%

10.34%

10.00%

5.00%

3.45%

6.90%

3.45%3.45%

10.34%

6.90%

Jenis obat

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24.14% of the 12 types of treatment therapy. According to Radford (2009), the calici virus

specifically will cause disorders in the oral area such as stomatitis or gingivitis as well as

the respiratory system. According to Radford et al. (2009) stated, calicivirus in cats can be

isolated from almost all cats with chronic stomatitis or gingivitis. Gondo (2007) states that

the use of antibiotics in combination has several advantages such as reducing resistance to

antibiotics because the use of synergistic combinations of antibiotics can increase the

ability of antibiotics to kill germs, besides the use of antibiotics in combination can reduce

the toxic effects of drugs due to the lower dose of each type of antibiotic used given the

lower the toxicity.

The combination of metronidazole with beta-lactam antibiotics such as cefadroxil is

indicated for acute inflammation in cases of gingivitis (Gondo 2007), this is in accordance

with Radford et al. (2009) which states, in the case of feline calicivirus, disturbances in the

oral area in the form of gingivitis occur. According to Eloufir et al. (2014) explained that

metronidazole can kill Entamoeba gingivalis in the mouth which is the cause of gingivitis.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic that works by interfering with DNA and nucleic acid

synthesis in microorganisms (Plumb 2011). This preparation is also commonly used to

prevent infection by anaerobic bacteria and can be the first choice to treat Helicobacter

pylori infection (Sipahigil et al. 2011). This preparation can also prevent infection with

anaerobic gram-positive bacteria such as Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum and

also anaerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Bacterioides and Fusobacterium.

Metronidazole in addition to working as an antibacterial, is also useful as an antiprotozoa

that causes inflammation in the oral area. This drug is widely used to treat giardiasis in cats

as well as to treat other parasites such as Trichomonas, Entamoeba histolytica and

Balantidium coli (Plumb 2011). The use of metronidazole should be limited to patients who

have liver disorders because this antibiotic is one of the antibiotics that is metabolized in

the liver and is eliminated in the bile (Suardi 2014). According to (Nurlaela 2018)

explained, metronidazole has a half-life of 7.5 hours and has a protein binding of 10-20%.

Cefadroxil is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has broad bactericidal

activity by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and is long acting. This drug has broad activity

against gram-positive and negative bacteria, has high stability against -lactamases in

bacteria (Sweetman 2009). According to Plumb (2011) explained that cefadroxil can be

given along with food, especially for animals suffering from gastrointestinal disorders.

Cefadroxil also has almost complete enteral absorption (Schmitz et al. 2009). Another viral

disease that is most often found in the clinic is feline panleukopenia, as can be seen in Table

2. Feline panleukopenia virus is an acute infectious disease characterized by fever, diarrhea

and dehydration in cats. This virus belongs to the parvoviridae family of DNA viruses (Gur

and Avdatek 2016).

Table 2 Use of drug therapy in cases of feline panleukopenia

Drug Use

Type of Drug

Number of

Uses

Percentage

(%)

Single

Metronidazol

53.13%

Ampisillin

3.13%

Sefadroksil

3.13%

Combination 2

Metronidazol+ Ampisillin

21.88%

Metronidazol+ Amoksisillin

3.13%

Metronidazol+ Teofilin

3.13%

Metronidazol+ Sefadroksil

9.38%

Combination 3

Metronidazol+ Klindamisin + Metilprednil

3.13%

Total

Sara Yemima Br Ambarita

Evaluation of Drug Uses for Calicivirus and Panleukopenia Treatment in Bogor Animal

Clinic on 2017 and 2018 1004

Panleukopeia virus is a single-stranded DNA virus that is not encapsulated, resistant

to some common disinfectants such as phenol, formaldehyde, chlorine, iodine or sublimate

and has the ability to replicate very quickly. These agents replicate in oropharyngeal

lymphoid tissue and can enter through the mouth or nose to the tonsils and lymph nodes.

This virus will suppress the production of white blood cells in the bone marrow so that

white blood cells circulating in the body are reduced. The activity of this virus in the

intestine can cause ulcers that result in bloody diarrhea, dehydration and infection by

bacteria. Death will occur when dehydration and bacterial infection are severe

(Mosallanejad, Avizeh, & Ghorbanpoor Najafabadi, 2009).

Feline panleukopenia is characterized by typical early symptoms, namely fever,

depression and anorexia. Cats may initially vomit with a lower frequency, develop watery

diarrhea to hemorrhagic. Cats that die from this disease can be caused by complications

from secondary bacterial infection, sepsis, dehydration and disseminated intravascular

coagulopathy (DIC). The mortality rate in cases of feline panleukopenia reaches 25-90%

in acute cases, while 100% in acute infections (Carney et al., 2012). Transfer of disease can

occur directly or indirectly. Feline panleukopenia attacks directly on young cats who have

low immunity, while indirect infection can be through the urine and feces of infected

animals (Horzinek et al., 2013).

Drug therapy used in this clinic in cases of feline panleukopenia include 53.13%

metronidazole, 3.13% ampicillin, 3.13% cefadroxil, 21.88% metronidazole combined with

ampicillin, 3.13% metronidazole with amoxicillin, 3.13% metronidazole with theophylline,

metronidazole with cefadroxil 9.38% and metronidazole combined with clindamycin with

methylprednyl as much as 3.13%. Based on medical records at the veterinary clinic, the

most widely used drug therapy for cases of feline panleukopenia was metronidazole, which

was 53.13% of the 8 types of treatment therapy. The graph of the use of feline

panleukopenia drugs in the research object clinic in a span of two years can be seen in

Graph 2.

Graph 2 Use of drug therapy in cases of feline panleukopenia in a veterinary clinic in

Bogor City

Metronidazole is the most widely used drug preparation in the treatment of feline

panleukopenia in the veterinary clinic, this is in accordance with the literature of Sherlin et

53.13%

21.88%

3.13% 3.13%

3.13%

9.38%

3.13%

Jenis obat

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Volume 1 Number 9, September 2021

1005 http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id

al.(2018), in the treatment of feline panleukopenia cases, metronidazole antibiotics were

used successfully marked by the cat's condition that significantly improved. Tamiflu®

protects the intestines and can provide extra protection against bacteremia caused by this

virus. According to Rice (2017) explained that as an alternative to the Tamiflu® drug,

metronidazole can be used. In addition, Metronidazole works by intervening in the

synthesis of RNA or DNA from microorganisms (Schmitz, Lepper, & Heidrich, 2009).

Metronidazole can also be used to treat secondary infections caused by anaerobic

microorganisms, both bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole is also widely used to treat

giardiasis in cats as well as to treat other parasites such as Trichomonas, Entamoeba

histolytica and Balantidium coli. This drug works by interfering with the synthesis of DNA

and nucleic acids in bacteria (Gallagher, Setakis, Plumb, Clemens, & van Staa, 2011).

Metronidazole works as a therapy for anaerobic bacterial infections, trichomoniasis,

amebiasis, intestinal infections caused by giardia. Metronidazole has an oral bioavailability

of more than 90%, including high rates where bioavailability is the time it takes for a drug

to have a therapeutic effect and how much of the drug can be absorbed by the body, thus

determining the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug (Bamigbola, Ibrahim, Attama, &

Arute, 2009).

Metronidazole Metronidazole is a bactericidal agent whose use is dose dependent.

This preparation also has activity against most obligate anaerobic bacteria such as

Bactericoides spp., Fusobacterium, Veillonella, Clostridium spp., Peplococcus and

Peptostreptococcus. Metronidazole also acts as a direct trichomonaside and amoebicide.

CONCLUSION

The most widely used drug for feline calicivirus disease is metronidazole combined

with cefadroxil, while metronidazole is used in the treatment of feline panleukopenia

because this drug has been shown to be effective in treating secondary infections in feline

calicivirus and feline panleukopenia cases. This study can be used as a reference for further

research and evaluate more drugs in cases of feline calicivirus and feline panleukopenia.

There can be more cases discussed, the range of years used can also be longer, and the

clinical object of research can be added so that there is a real comparison to see the

effectiveness of the drug.

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