SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP AND URBAN COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Jakarta City as a representation of major city in Indonesia with the highest positive patients infected with covid 19. Various attempts were made by the central and regional governments to break the spread of pandemic covid 19, one of which was to impose Large Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). However, efforts to overcome government efforts do not seem to be balanced with public awareness to be involved in implementing regulations and to be part of efforts to cope with the spread pandemic covid 19 and recovery. Based on these facts, this study tries to identify the presence or absence of citizenship, the types of citizenship that exist in the people of DKI Jakarta and what efforts can be made to activate citizenship in Jakarta. In the PSBB situation the research method is carried out using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) using a questionnaire and in-depth interviews through digital media. The results showed that the type of citizenship that exists in the people of DKI Jakarta at the moment is passive citizenship. However, the results of this study also indicate the potential for community participation that show great potential to build or strengthen social solidarity and capital. It is therefore important to encourage the transformation of activation from passive citizenship into active citizenship including institutional strengthening, so that citizens not only have citizenship rights, but at the same must be obliged to engage in various efforts to overcome the pandemic and recovery after the pandemic occurred


INTRODUCTION
An important lesson from the covid 19 pandemic that hit the world was the stuttering of the state / government responding to situations or emergencies.This can be seen from the lessons in Indonesia and around the world that occurred in early 2020.The world was shocked by the corona virus phenomenon that appeared for the first time in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.The phenomenon was reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 31, 2019.There were various reactions from various circles, but almost all parties did not imagine that the corona virus would spread to all parts of the world.WHO recorded the first case of death due to coronavirus on January 11, 2020 and followed by cases spreading locally in many countries.This reality has prompted the WHO Director-General to declare a world health emergency (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020.This is also a strong sign that the coronavirus has great potential to have a tremendous impact on the world's population.Through the International Health Regulation (2005), WHO and all member countries agreed to implement the international treaty to increase the country's capacity to deal with outbreaks through prevention, detection and response approaches.We are familiar with the Spanish flu outbreak in 1918, as well as polio, SARS, MERS-CoV and ebola.But only the Spanish flu was classified as a pandemic because of its far-reaching impact on the lives of the world's population.Finally, after 102 years, on March 10, 2020, another pandemic was declared for a disease with the name Covid-19.
In the face of SARS-CoV-2, the world seems to be forced into a situation equivalent to World War III.In the 21st century, a world war pitted humanity against an invisible enemy, but made more than 30,000 people lose their lives and more than 500,000 people sick in 199 countries around the world.This situation has put mental pressure on the world due to the high factor of ignorance and uncertainty about what will happen and how to defeat it (Tempo.co: 2020).Indonesia is one of the countries affected by covid 19 disease.There are various views regarding the chances of the spread of covid 19 in Indonesia.The first view sees the small spread of covid in Indonesia.This view is represented by the Minister of Health as a representation of the state.Based on the argument of the tropical climate and the belief that the covid 19 virus is a type of virus that will heal by itself by strengthening the body's immune system.Another view states that the covid 19 virus is a new type of virus for which there is no cure, so it is necessary to take steps to prevent and anticipate the spread of covid 19 given the large population of the Indonesian people with a high level of mobilization.This difference in views has resulted in both the government and the community not taking significant action and even tending to ignore the dangers of the covid 19 pandemic.The initial case of covid 19 in Indonesia was informed through the media in early March 2020.Supported by several reports from health institutions and a team of experts from the Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia (FKM UI), that in Indonesia there have been cases of People Under Monitoring (ODP) and Patients Under Surveillance (PDP) in one area since the 3rd week of January 2020 (news.detik.com: 26/4/2020).With the emergence of covid 19 cases in Indonesia, no country in the world is free from the covid 19 pandemic.Jakarta was recorded with the highest pandemic cases in Indonesia with 6,628 positive cases of Covid 19 in DKI Jakarta, 2,044 treated, 2,430 self-isolated, 1,648 recovered, and 506 died (Jakarta Smart City: 25/5/2020).It is predicted that the spread of cases in Jakarta will be even higher given the density, characteristics and patterns of diverse, high and intensive population mobility.The government is taking steps to prevent the spread of covid 19 from becoming more widespread.The spread of the covid 19 outbreak is very fast and widespread, prompting the government to take a number of policy steps in handling the covid 19 outbreak as stipulated in Government Regulation (PP) Number 21 of 2020 and Presidential Decree (Keppres) Number 11 of 2020.
The government's policy focus is more on prevention and restriction policies.The government's priority has not yet fallen on countermeasures and improvements.With various considerations, the Government of Indonesia prefers a distancing policy or known as PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) compared to total lockdown as enforced in several countries such as Italy and other countries.There is a cross section of opinions regarding the policy taken by the government with the various risks that come with it.However, it should be noted that it is not wise to generalize policies because each country has different characteristics and complexity of problems so that one policy that is relevant for one country will not necessarily be relevant or appropriate for another country.The PSBB policy with its various advantages and disadvantages has been taken by the government as a form of state presence in the current pandemic situation in Indonesia and the world.PSBB encourages most community activities to be carried out from home; studying, working, praying and other activities from home.
In the midst of the complexity of problems in implementing the PSBB policy, Indonesia is faced with a social reality where people tend to ignore the regulations or policies set by the government.Health protocols set by the government in implementing PSBB policies such as wearing masks, regulating social distancing tend not to be carried out.This not only raises concerns about the effectiveness of PSBB policy implementation but also questions how the role of citizens in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.As citizens, their awareness has not yet appeared as a form of support for government policies, or as a form of social awareness as an effort to break the chain of spreading the covid 19 outbreak.The existing reality tends to show that efforts to overcome the spread of covid 19 are only an obligation of the government or state in protecting its citizens.In almost all dimensions of life; health, economy, education and other important dimensions of life.Public social awareness to take part in various efforts to tackle the spread of covid 19 still tends to be low.Whereas in the context of a modern and democratic society, citizen involvement is an important part of various strategic policies for community life.Without citizen involvement, the tendency for the state to become authoritarian is very open.
In the context of the above background, it is interesting and important to look at the position of citizens during the covid 19 pandemic.Another important thing is what efforts are important to encourage the formation of active citizenship in building and developing strategic dimensions of community life in creating a better level of welfare after the covid 19 pandemic.Based on this explanation, it is http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id very necessary to conduct research on how the type of citizenship of urban communities in overcoming the covid 19 pandemic in the city of Jakarta and how to encourage the formation of active citizenship by strengthening urban community participation in overcoming the covid 19 pandemic in the city of Jakarta.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research uses a mix method.The research location was in Jakarta City.This research was conducted assuming an abnormal situation (PSBB) so that a methodology was sought that allowed this research to be carried out.The collection techniques used were: (1) questionnaire using google form with closed questions.
(2) Interviews, interviews conducted by researchers, namely open, structured and unstructured types of interviews by telephone or in person using standard health protocols (using masks and maintaining distance).Informants in this study were several residents living in Jakarta City with a variety of characteristics based on gender, age, education and occupation.The population in the study was taken from the total number of residents of DKI Jakarta, namely South Jakarta, West Jakarta, East Jakarta, and North Jakarta.Population figures that show homogeneous community characteristics are then taken randomly from the total population.The hypothesis in this study is: H1 = The existence of urban citizenship in handling covid 19 in Jakarta.H0 = There is no city community citizenship in handling covid 19 in Jakarta.The quantitative data analysis technique used is descriptive data analysis technique by utilizing the SPSS application.
While the qualitative data analysis technique in this study uses the Miles and Huberman data analysis model.According to Miles and Huberman, "qualitative analysis is carried out interactively and continues continuously until completion so that the data is saturated" (Upe Ambo: 2010).The qualitative data analysis procedure according to Miles and Huberman includes data reduction, data display, conclusion, drawing/verifying.

Concept of Citizenship
In recent years, the notion of 'active citizenship' has become an object of research in both social and political science.Studies that draw on the tradition of Foucaultian governmentality have specifically examined the various social discourses and practices through which active citizenship can be produced.An important discussion of active citizenship emphasizes the right to participate in particular as an important legal technology (tool) that needs to be developed in order to produce active citizenship.When a person is born and becomes part of a society, he or she automatically becomes a citizen by legal administration.But it does not automatically become active citizenship.Active citizenship requires awareness, social responsibility that is articulated and represented through participation.
Not many studies, especially in Indonesia, discuss the concept of active citizenship, so it is important to understand the historical context of the birth and development of this concept.In the context of the current Covid 19 pandemic, where almost all countries are experiencing limited energy and resources, it appears that the participation of active citizenship is very important.The formulation of various policies and countermeasure programs in emergency situations does not rely solely on the state, but there must be participation from the community so that countermeasures become effective and prevention efforts in the post-pandemic period become a new value that grows inherent in the social structure of society.The following is a concept that explains citizenship:

Citizenship Chart
In the citizenship chart above, it can be seen that there are two types of citizenship, namely passive citizenship and active citizenship.The passive citizenship type is the type of society that considers citizenship as rights that must be obtained, these rights are enjoyed by the community from or over the state, such as the right to be a civil society, the right to participate in politics, and the right to socialize.These rights will always be the main goal of passive citizenship.The demands that are expected from the state, if not fulfilled, will often lead to disintegration between the community and the government.When there are policies and regulations set by the government in various matters, there are many irregularities committed by the community, one of which is due to the demands of passive citizenship which are considered less fulfilled by the state.
The second type is active citizenship, this type is a society that recognizes its citizenship to carry out responsibilities as citizens.The intended responsibility is as a responsible citizen actor actively participating in decision-making that can have an influence on society.This type of active citizenship can be identified in individual citizenship and citizenship groups that operate under community institutions.The intended community institutions are active institutions that aim to strengthen citizens' opportunities to participate both individually and collectively in planning and decision-making regarding public policy.http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id The concept of citizenship itself has three perspectives of citizenship, namely liberal, social liberal, and republican citizenship perspectives.The following is a citizenship perspective that can be used to see the type of citizenship that exists in the people of Jakarta, especially during the covid 19 pandemic: The table above provides a category of citizenship perspectives with accompanying characteristics.The above perspectives can be used as an analytical framework to see the types or types of citizenship that exist in Indonesia, especially in the context of the current Covid 19 pandemic.There are three perspectives, namely liberal, social liberal, and republican.Each of these citizenship perspectives has different characteristics.The liberal perspective is characterized by citizenship characteristics that have the principle that ownership of citizenship status is understood as a set of civil rights, the right to politics, and social life.
There are several factors that can influence the formation of citizenship characteristics, both internal factors that come from the awareness of each individual, as well as external factors that come from a wider environment such as the community environment.Identification of citizenship characteristics possessed by the community, for example people living in urban areas, can be done by knowing people's perceptions on various matters related to citizenship, in addition to identifying community participation in an activity that correlates between fellow community members and the community and the government.
Internal and external factors that influence citizenship activeness cannot be separated from social capital.Social capital can consist of trust, values and norms inherent in the community, and reciprocal relationships between fellow communities, and communities with the government.If the social capital owned can be utilized properly to build integrity and social networks, then supported by the role of social institutions in activating citizenship, it is possible that the people in an area have active citizenship characteristics.
Learning also from the experience of several countries including the UK and Finland, the economic crisis and social crisis became a turning point to criticize the type of citizenship adopted.The concept of ideal citizenship that needs to be encouraged is to open and strengthen opportunities for citizens to participate both collectively and individually in planning and decision-making regarding social security and health care is very important.This includes the idea of developing dialog between citizens and state and private institutions that enable the facilitation of citizenship activation.
In the Indonesian context, it is also possible to identify the types and characteristics of citizenship that exist, both the identification of individual citizenship and group citizenship.Identification can be done in all domains and in various situations.As is the case in the health sector when the Covid 19 pandemic broke out in Indonesia.This identification is important to do with the aim of knowing the types of citizenship in society, then knowing the obstacles to the formation of active citizenship, and strategies that can be applied to activate citizenship.
There are issues that need to be considered when implementing strategies to activate citizenship, one of which is to form a community habituation to be active in carrying out their citizenship.Taking from Pierre Bourdieu's thinking that the actions taken by the community are influenced by several things, namely habitus, capital, and domain (Richard Harker, et al (Ed.): 2009).When people have habituation to actively carry out their obligations as citizens, then utilize their social capital to be active in various domains of social life, the actions of the community will be formed which indicate active citizenship.

Citizenship of The People of Jakarta
The people of Jakarta have characteristics that are quite different from urban communities in several regions in Indonesia.The community has high diversity seen from several backgrounds, such as the identity attached to people who come from various tribes and ethnicities, have different social status backgrounds, and most of the people of Jakarta are migrants.The activities of the people in the capital city of Jakarta are almost every day without a break, especially the activities of people who work in the state-owned and private sectors.In addition, as the capital city, Jakarta is the center of the State administration, so this city is never quiet with the activities of State institutions that regulate State affairs.
The city of Jakarta, which is always crowded with all the activities of the community, which is almost 24 hours per day with no breaks in activity, has resulted in the spread of the covid 19 pandemic almost evenly throughout the city of Jakarta quickly.In addition, patients in the city of Jakarta who are positive for covid 19 reach the highest number compared to areas outside the city of Jakarta.This then prompted the DKI Jakarta Government to move quickly to take the first policy to implement the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) regulation.The purpose of the implementation of the PSBB is to break the chain of the spread of covid 19 in the Jakarta City area and its surrounding areas.
PSBB can have a significant impact in inhibiting the spread of the pandemic covid 19 provided that there is community participation in complying with the regulations imposed in the PSBB.However, in reality, in the implementation of the PSBB, there are still many people who ignore these regulations.For this reason, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the community in Jakarta City regarding the presence or absence of citizenship awareness during the covid 19 pandemic.Then it is necessary to identify the type of citizenship that is formed, whether passive citizenship or active citizenship.
Based on this background, this research aims to explore data and information related to the types or types of citizenship that exist in Indonesian society, especially in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic.In line with its characteristics, the type of citizenship can be seen from awareness, social responsibility as a form of community participation and government responsibility in the covid 19 pandemic situation.These characteristics are then derived in the form of questions in the questionnaire.
The types of citizenship in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic are passive citizenship and active citizenship.The identification of these two types of citizenship was carried out by submitting 13 statements to respondents.The following are respondents' answers that can describe the type of citizenship in the people of Jakarta in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic: The results showed that respondents strongly agreed on the role of both central and regional governments to provide protection and compensation to the community during the covid 19 pandemic, especially during the implementation of the PSBB policy.In other words, the community still relies heavily on the role of the government regarding efforts to overcome, during the process, and recovery due to the covid 19 pandemic.Conversely, this statement also does not provide an overview of the awareness of community participation to be involved in various countermeasures and recovery efforts after the covid 19 pandemic.This means that the community does not yet have social concern for the pandemic situation that occurred.The community also tends not to feel guilty when violating established health protocol policies.This can be seen from the answers of respondents, most of whom expressed their disagreement with the removal of their rights as citizens in health services when they committed violations.In other words, the community has the perception that citizens' rights must still be fulfilled by the state under any circumstances.
Referring to the research findings, the type of citizenship owned by the people of Jakarta is a type of passive citizenship, namely the rights of citizens enjoyed from or on the state.Or in other words, the state is obliged to fulfill the rights of citizens regardless of whether or not there is any form of participation or contribution from the community.This type of citizenship indicates the embodiment of a welfare state where the state is characterized by traditional income distribution mechanisms with extensive social and health care services.In the context of a welfare state, citizenship is positioned as a social right (Marshall).Therefore, the state is obliged to fulfill all the social rights of its citizens.
In the context of the current world pandemic, it is interesting and important to criticize the type of citizenship that exists today.The covid 19 world pandemic has placed almost all countries at a loss of strategic resources, decreased income, economic stagnation, and a situation of uncertainty.The concept of full social rights in the form of extensive social and health care without being accompanied by the participation and social awareness of the community towards their citizenship position will make Covid 19 prevention and recovery policies ineffective.

The Potential For Community Participation In Tackling The Covid 19 Pandemic
An important thing that goes hand in hand with citizenship is citizen participation, especially in relation to efforts that can be made by the community both in the effort to combat and recover during the current covid 19 pandemic.The following table shows people's perceptions or views regarding the participation of the Jakarta City Community in overcoming the covid 19 pandemic: Another important finding shows that the potential for community participation crosses educational levels.The results of this research on community participation in Jakarta City show that the desire of the community to participate in prevention and recovery efforts during the pandemic and post-pandemic is very high.This indicates a considerable opportunity for the transformation of citizenship from passive citizenship to active citizenship.The word citizenship activation in social policy during and after the pandemic is important and strategic.The activation policy referred to here is the idea of connecting citizen rights, social benefits and appropriate citizen participation patterns in the context of overcoming and recovering from the Covid 19 pandemic.In this context, citizenship activation is based on the idea of balancing the rights and obligations of citizens.Citizens not only have rights but also obligations in the form of involvement, participation in various efforts to overcome and recover after the Covid 19 pandemic.In the long run, active citizenship will encourage social policy reforms whose aim is to activate people (citizens) through increased duties or participation in the fulfillment of their social rights.

The Role Of Civic Activation Assistance Agencies
The process of transforming citizenship activation from passive to active does not only require independent initiatives from citizens, but needs to be supported by institutions to ensure that the activation process runs well towards the fulfillment of citizens' social rights in a more balanced (equal) manner.The institution needed for the citizenship activation process in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic is a legal institution.It is necessary to set clear policies and legal instruments that ensure that the rights and obligations of citizens can run simultaneously and equally.An example is a legal device that ensures that citizens have the right to health services due to the Covid 19 pandemic.But on the other hand, citizens are also obliged to participate in protecting themselves by meeting the health protocol standards set by the government.
Violations by citizens of the prescribed health protocols will result in the loss or reduction of rights to health care facilities.These matters must be clearly and firmly regulated so that a strong social awareness is slowly built at the community level of social responsibility.Obusman social institutions also need to be activated to ensure that the activation of the state's role is also carried out.In this context, it must be ensured that the state has clear and comprehensive policies related to countermeasures and recovery after the Covid 19 pandemic.The clear and comprehensive policy referred to here is the availability of a budget to ensure that the policies taken and implemented are not half-hearted.Consistent policies will at least minimize social, economic and political costs for both the state and its people.

CONCLUSION
The DKI Jakarta region is the area with the highest number of covid 19 patients in Indonesia.On May 25, 2020 the Jakarta Smart City portal has informed a total of 6,628 positive cases of Covid 19 in DKI Jakarta, 2,044 were treated, 2,430 self-isolated, 1,648 recovered, and 506 died.Various efforts have been made by the http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id central and regional governments to tackle the increasingly severe spread of covid 19 through various policies, including: the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy.This policy is intensively socialized in all regions and levels of society.Efforts to overcome covid 19 cannot solely rely on the role of the government.No matter how much effort the government makes without being balanced with public awareness and participation in efforts to spread covid 19, it will not be optimal or effective in suppressing the spread of covid 19 patients.In the context of this situation, it is interesting and important to look at the types of citizenship that exist in the DKI Jakarta community, to what extent the potential for participation exists in relation to current efforts to overcome covid 19.
The results of the study have shown that the type of citizenship of the people of Jakarta City is passive citizenship.In this type of citizenship, people tend to demand more of their citizenship rights that must be fulfilled by the state.In other words, people tend to rely on the government or the state in relation to efforts to tackle covid 19.An important thing that goes hand in hand with citizenship is citizen participation, especially in relation to efforts that can be made by the community both in repetition and recovery efforts during the current covid 19 pandemic.In crisis conditions during the Covid 19 pandemic, the potential for community participation in the city of DKI Jakarta based on the background of the type of work and education of the community is on average high.The results of this research on the potential for community participation in the city of Jakarta show that the desire of the community to participate in prevention and recovery efforts during the pandemic and post-pandemic is high.This indicates a considerable opportunity for the transformation of citizenship from passive citizenship to active citizenship.In addition, in creating active citizenship, it is also necessary to have the role of government and private institutions that need to participate in encouraging the creation of active citizenship, of course this will be enough to help the government in tackling the covid 19 pandemic.The word citizenship activation in social policy during and after the pandemic is important and strategic.
The activation policy referred to here is the idea of connecting citizen rights, social benefits obtained by the community and appropriate forms of citizen participation in the context of overcoming and recovering from the Covid 19 pandemic.In this context, citizenship activation is based on the idea of balancing the rights and obligations of citizens.In this sense, citizens not only have rights but also obligations in the form of involvement in various efforts to overcome and recover after the Covid 19 pandemic.In the long term, active citizenship requires social policy reform whose aim is to activate people (citizens) through increased duties or participation in the fulfillment of their social rights which are legitimized legally formal in the form of laws or policies that regulate in detail the rights and forms of citizen participation in health service policies.